Calendula officinalis Linn (pot marigold) possess potential pharmacological activities which might be considered as an excellent cause, in scheming the aflatoxin biosynthesis in the aflatoxigenic fungi. The aim of the present study was to assess the antifungal activity of methanol extracts of the plant petals against biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Aspergillus flavus. The antifungal potential of methanolic extract of C. officinalis was evaluated against the toxigenic fungus on Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) and Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) Media, using disc diffusion assay. The use of C. officinalis extract on the A. flavus culture showed the significant inhibition of AFB1up to 59.50% along with the reduction of mycelial growth to about 24.82%. Although, the treatment of the AFB1 with the extract for 5 hours at 80ºC which led to 78.48%. The work well established the inhibitory role of C. officinalis extract in order to reduce the AFB1 threat.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes neuronal damage and inflammation of microglia, and in severe cases, it can be fatal. JE infection can resist cellular immune responses and survive in host cells. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition to regulating biological signaling pathways, microRNAs in cells also influence virus-host interactions. Under certain circumstances, viruses can change microRNA production. These changes affect the replication and spread of the virus. Host miRNAs can contain viral pathogenicity by downregulating the antiviral immune response pathways. Simultaneous profiling of miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) could help us detect pathogenic factors, and dual RNA detection is possible. This work highlights important miRNAs involved in human JE infection. In this study, we have shown the important miRNAs that play significant roles in JEV infection. We found that during JEV infection, miRNA-155, miRNA-29b, miRNA-15b, miRNA-146a, miRNA-125b-5p, miRNA-30la, miRNA-19b-3p, and miRNA-124, cause upregulation of human genes whereas miRNA-432, miRNA-370, miRNA- 33a-5p, and miRNA-466d-3p are responsible for downregulation of human genes respectively. Further, these miRNAs are also responsible for the inflammatory effects. Although several other miRNAs critical to the JEV life cycle are yet unknown, there is currently no evidence for the role of miRNAs in persistence.

Analysis of impact of anaerobic condition on the aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus Speare

The COVID-19 pandemic brought to light a complex challenge: the occurrence of multiple microbial co-infections in affected individuals. In addition to the primary infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, patients often had to contend with secondary infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This complicated interaction of pathogens has presented significant clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic hurdles. It has been observed that co-infections can exacerbate disease severity and complicate treatment strategies, necessitating a more comprehensive approach to patient care. In addition, distinguishing between viral and bacterial/fungal coinfections based on clinical symptoms alone remains a difficult task, underscoring the need for advanced diagnostic tools. The emergence of coinfections has also heightened concerns about antimicrobial resistance due to the widespread use of antibiotics and antifungals, underscoring the importance of prudent antimicrobial stewardship. As the pandemic continues to evolve, understanding, diagnosing, and effectively managing these multiple microbial coinfections have become critical imperatives for healthcare systems and researchers worldwide. The present review illustrated the past occurrence of various microbial infections that co-existed with the COVID-19.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is clinical outcome of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and is thought to be the potential reservoir of parasite. Miltefosine (MF) is the only oral drug existing for treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Increased miltefosine tolerance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani has been reported and is one of the major concerns in the treatment of PKDL. Here, we report a highly ulcerated PKDL case that was successfully cured after miltefosine treatment. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatological complication which usually occurs among treated VL cases. Despite active surveillance, some exclusive cases have been reported in the areas where VL is endemic. To eliminate VL, all source of reservoir to be managed properly. The appropriate diagnosis and treatment of PKDL cases are key. Here we report the identification and treatment of a highly ulcerated PKDL case. A detailed investigation inferred the possible role of CD8 + T cell in the skin ulcer. This report also describes how to identify the suspected case, to confirm the diagnosis, and to provide a successful treatment option.