Increasing evidence has shown the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). This systematic literature review aims to evaluate the role of sEVs as biomarkers in ARDs, focusing on their molecular cargo and their utility for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment response. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus from inception until July 2025, using the search terms; [(small extracellular vesicles) or exosomes) and ((rheumatic disease) or (rheumatoid arthritis) or (psoriatic arthritis) or (axial spondylarthritis) or (ankylosing spondylitis) or (systemic lupus erythematosus) or (Sjögren’s syndrome) or scleroderma or (systemic sclerosis) or myositis or polymyositis)]. Eligible studies were those reporting on sEV isolation from patient samples and comparing it with healthy individuals or controls with non-inflammatory conditions. The initial search yielded 1593 results, and 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. Literature reviews revealed that miRNAs and long non-coding (lnc)RNAs isolated from sEVs might serve as potential biomarkers for disease activity and treatment response in ARDs, mainly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, sEV miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a have been often described in studies in SLE patients, indicating their potential role in differentiating SLE from healthy individuals. Although proteomic studies identified disease-specific proteins within sEVs, there is no consensus among the limited studies reporting sEV proteins. Although numerous studies have examined the role of sEVs in ARDs, there is a lack of consensus in the findings. Further research using well-standardized methodologies is needed to ensure reliable and reproducible results. PROSPERO 2025 CRD420250646438. Available from https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420250646438.

Background: Influenza vaccination among athletes is a crucial area in sports medicine. This descriptive, cross-sectional study aims to explore the vaccination practices and intentions regarding influenza vaccines among young athletes. Methods: A structured, questionnaire-based study was conducted among students from the National School of Sports in Greece. The survey was conducted over the period of April to May 2023. Overall, 138 participants participated in the study. Results: More than half of the participants had received a flu vaccine in the past, but only 12.3% were vaccinated against influenza for 2022–2023. The main reasons seemed to be the lack of time (40.6%) and the idea that influenza does not lead to any serious health threats for the participants (36.2%). The main factor that affected their decision to get the flu vaccine or not was the need for more information regarding influenza vaccination (79%). Conclusions: The recent study showed low vaccination coverage among people of young age participating in sports activities. The qualitative views of the participants highlighted the significance of the lackof a well-organized information program provided by health professionals and coaches.