Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) in Pakistan and northwestern India is caused by monopartite begomoviruses in association with an essential, disease-specific satellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB). Following a recent upsurge in CLCuD problems in Sindh province (southern Pakistan), sequences of clones of CLCuMB were obtained from Sindh and Punjab province (central Pakistan), where CLCuD has been a problem since the mid-1980s. The sequences were compared to all sequences of CLCuMB available in the databases. Analysis of the sequences shows extensive sequence variation in CLCuMB, most likely resulting from recombination. The range of sequence variants differ between Sindh, the Punjab and northwestern India. The possible significance of the findings with respect to movement of the CLCuD between the three regions is discussed. Additionally, the lack of sequence variation within the only coding sequence of CLCuMB suggests that the betasatellite is not involved in resistance breaking which became a problem after 2001 in the Punjab and subsequently also in northwestern India.

Citrus reticulata cv. 'Kinnow' mandarin is the most popular and widely grown fruit crop in Pakistan. During 2017, a survey was conducted to the local citrus fruit markets of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Citrus fruits (n=50) exhibiting stem end rot and fruit rot were collected with 15% disease incidence. The stem end region showed light to dark brown lesions and white fungal growth was also observed in the severely infected fruit. Infected fruit were excised into 2mm2 segments, surface disinfected with 1% NaClO, rinsed with sterilized water and dried. Later, these tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and subsequently incubated at 25 °C. Purified isolates produced white colonies with beige pigmentation. The frequency of fungal isolation was 47%. Microscopic observations revealed that macroconidia (n=50) had 5 to 6 septations, with a prominent dorsiventral curvature, tapered and elongated apical cell, and a foot shape basal cell. The macroconidia were measuring 22 to 45 × 2.9 to 4.3 µm with an average of 31 × 3.6 µm. However, microconidia were not observed. Chlamydospores were globose, intercalary, solitary, or in pairs, appearing in chains (Leslie and Summerell 2006). For molecular identification, DNA was extracted from all isolates. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) ITS1/4 (White et al. 1990), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF) EF1/2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998), and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1) (O'Donnell et al. 2013) were amplified using PCR and the product was subsequently sequenced. Based on BLAST analysis, the isolate was identified as Fusarium equiseti (FUS-21). The sequences of the representative isolate FUS-21 were deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers (ITS, MH581300), (TEF, MK203749), and (RPB1, MW596599) showing more than 99% similarity with ITS accession GQ505683, TEF accession GQ505594, and 100% to RPB1 accession JX171481. To determine the pathogenicity, 40 healthy surface disinfested citrus fruit were taken. The fruit were inoculated by creating artificial wounds on the surface with a sterilized needle and 10 μL of 105 spores/mL was deposited in the wounds. In case of control fruit were inoculated with 10 μL sterilized distilled water only, and incubated at 25 °C. All fruit inoculated with the putative pathogen, developed symptoms like the original fruit from which they were isolated. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice. Visible white mycelium appeared at the stem end region and the fruits became dried as the infection progressed. However, the control fruit remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected fruit and identified based on morphometric and molecular analysis. Previously we have reported F. oxysporum causing citrus fruit rot in Pakistan (Moosa et al. 2020). This is the first report of F. equiseti causing post-harvest rot of citrus fruits in Pakistan. Kinnow is an important fruit crop of Pakistan with huge export value the management of Fusarium rot is quite important to save the loss of fresh produce.

Alternaria solani, the pathogen responsible for early blight disease, poses a severe threat to agricultural crops all over the world. In the quest for sustainable and environment friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides, this study investigates the antifungal potential of extracts derived from five plant species: Azadirachta indica (neem), Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple), Allium sativum (garlic), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and Moringa oleifera (moringa) against Alternaria solani in-vitro and under natural conditions in a pot experiment. Our results demonstrated varying degrees of antifungal activity among the extracts, with neem and bitter apple displaying the most potent effects against Alternaria solani in an in vitro experiment using poisoned food technique. In another experiment, tomato seeds were primed with these plant extracts by dipping in the extract dilutions for 24 hours. Tomato plants grown with the primed seeds were screened for the development of early blight disease. Again, neem and bitter apple showed enhanced resistance with the least development of disease in tomato, as compared to the control and other extracts. These findings suggest that plant extracts, particularly neem and bitter apple, hold promise as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides for managing early blight disease. Further investigations are essential to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the antifungal properties of these extracts and explore their practical applications in agriculture. This study contributes valuable insights into utilizing natural resources for sustainable disease management, aligning with the increasing emphasis on environmentally conscious agricultural practices.