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Dennis P. M. Hughes
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

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Author correction
Published: 16 April 2021 in Nature
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A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03271-2.

ACS Style

Carlos M. Duarte; Susana Agusti; Edward Barbier; Gregory L. Britten; Juan Carlos Castilla; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Robinson W. Fulweiler; Terry P. Hughes; Nancy Knowlton; Catherine E. Lovelock; Heike K. Lotze; Milica Predragovic; Elvira Poloczanska; Callum Roberts; Boris Worm. Author Correction: Rebuilding marine life. Nature 2021, 593, E1 -E2.

AMA Style

Carlos M. Duarte, Susana Agusti, Edward Barbier, Gregory L. Britten, Juan Carlos Castilla, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Robinson W. Fulweiler, Terry P. Hughes, Nancy Knowlton, Catherine E. Lovelock, Heike K. Lotze, Milica Predragovic, Elvira Poloczanska, Callum Roberts, Boris Worm. Author Correction: Rebuilding marine life. Nature. 2021; 593 (7857):E1-E2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos M. Duarte; Susana Agusti; Edward Barbier; Gregory L. Britten; Juan Carlos Castilla; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Robinson W. Fulweiler; Terry P. Hughes; Nancy Knowlton; Catherine E. Lovelock; Heike K. Lotze; Milica Predragovic; Elvira Poloczanska; Callum Roberts; Boris Worm. 2021. "Author Correction: Rebuilding marine life." Nature 593, no. 7857: E1-E2.

Conference paper
Published: 14 October 2020 in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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The age or size structure of a population has a marked influence on its demography and reproductive capacity. While declines in coral cover are well documented, concomitant shifts in the size-frequency distribution of coral colonies are rarely measured at large spatial scales. Here, we document major shifts in the colony size structure of coral populations along the 2300 km length of the Great Barrier Reef relative to historical baselines (1995/1996). Coral colony abundances on reef crests and slopes have declined sharply across all colony size classes and in all coral taxa compared to historical baselines. Declines were particularly pronounced in the northern and central regions of the Great Barrier Reef, following mass coral bleaching in 2016 and 2017. The relative abundances of large colonies remained relatively stable, but this apparent stability masks steep declines in absolute abundance. The potential for recovery of older fecund corals is uncertain given the increasing frequency and intensity of disturbance events. The systematic decline in smaller colonies across regions, habitats and taxa, suggests that a decline in recruitment has further eroded the recovery potential and resilience of coral populations.

ACS Style

Andreas Dietzel; Michael Bode; Sean R. Connolly; Terry P. Hughes. Long-term shifts in the colony size structure of coral populations along the Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2020, 287, 20201432 .

AMA Style

Andreas Dietzel, Michael Bode, Sean R. Connolly, Terry P. Hughes. Long-term shifts in the colony size structure of coral populations along the Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2020; 287 (1936):20201432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Dietzel; Michael Bode; Sean R. Connolly; Terry P. Hughes. 2020. "Long-term shifts in the colony size structure of coral populations along the Great Barrier Reef." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1936: 20201432.

Review
Published: 01 April 2020 in Nature
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Sustainable Development Goal 14 of the United Nations aims to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. Achieving this goal will require rebuilding the marine life-support systems that deliver the many benefits that society receives from a healthy ocean. Here we document the recovery of marine populations, habitats and ecosystems following past conservation interventions. Recovery rates across studies suggest that substantial recovery of the abundance, structure and function of marine life could be achieved by 2050, if major pressures—including climate change—are mitigated. Rebuilding marine life represents a doable Grand Challenge for humanity, an ethical obligation and a smart economic objective to achieve a sustainable future.

ACS Style

Carlos M. Duarte; Susana Agusti; Edward Barbier; Gregory L. Britten; Juan Carlos Castilla; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Robinson W. Fulweiler; Terry P. Hughes; Nancy Knowlton; Catherine E. Lovelock; Heike K. Lotze; Milica Predragovic; Elvira Poloczanska; Callum Roberts; Boris Worm. Rebuilding marine life. Nature 2020, 580, 39 -51.

AMA Style

Carlos M. Duarte, Susana Agusti, Edward Barbier, Gregory L. Britten, Juan Carlos Castilla, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Robinson W. Fulweiler, Terry P. Hughes, Nancy Knowlton, Catherine E. Lovelock, Heike K. Lotze, Milica Predragovic, Elvira Poloczanska, Callum Roberts, Boris Worm. Rebuilding marine life. Nature. 2020; 580 (7801):39-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos M. Duarte; Susana Agusti; Edward Barbier; Gregory L. Britten; Juan Carlos Castilla; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Robinson W. Fulweiler; Terry P. Hughes; Nancy Knowlton; Catherine E. Lovelock; Heike K. Lotze; Milica Predragovic; Elvira Poloczanska; Callum Roberts; Boris Worm. 2020. "Rebuilding marine life." Nature 580, no. 7801: 39-51.

Letter
Published: 03 April 2019 in Nature
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Changes in disturbance regimes due to climate change are increasingly challenging the capacity of ecosystems to absorb recurrent shocks and reassemble afterwards, escalating the risk of widespread ecological collapse of current ecosystems and the emergence of novel assemblages1,2,3. In marine systems, the production of larvae and recruitment of functionally important species are fundamental processes for rebuilding depleted adult populations, maintaining resilience and avoiding regime shifts in the face of rising environmental pressures4,5. Here we document a regional-scale shift in stock–recruitment relationships of corals along the Great Barrier Reef—the world’s largest coral reef system—following unprecedented back-to-back mass bleaching events caused by global warming. As a consequence of mass mortality of adult brood stock in 2016 and 2017 owing to heat stress6, the amount of larval recruitment declined in 2018 by 89% compared to historical levels. For the first time, brooding pocilloporids replaced spawning acroporids as the dominant taxon in the depleted recruitment pool. The collapse in stock–recruitment relationships indicates that the low resistance of adult brood stocks to repeated episodes of coral bleaching is inexorably tied to an impaired capacity for recovery, which highlights the multifaceted processes that underlie the global decline of coral reefs. The extent to which the Great Barrier Reef will be able to recover from the collapse in stock–recruitment relationships remains uncertain, given the projected increased frequency of extreme climate events over the next two decades7.

ACS Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Andrew H. Baird; Sean R. Connolly; Tory J. Chase; Andreas Dietzel; Tessa Hill; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia Hoogenboom; Mizue Jacobson; Ailsa Kerswell; Joshua Madin; Abbie Mieog; Allison S. Paley; Morgan S. Pratchett; Gergely Torda; Rachael M. Woods. Global warming impairs stock–recruitment dynamics of corals. Nature 2019, 568, 387 -390.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Andrew H. Baird, Sean R. Connolly, Tory J. Chase, Andreas Dietzel, Tessa Hill, Andrew S. Hoey, Mia Hoogenboom, Mizue Jacobson, Ailsa Kerswell, Joshua Madin, Abbie Mieog, Allison S. Paley, Morgan S. Pratchett, Gergely Torda, Rachael M. Woods. Global warming impairs stock–recruitment dynamics of corals. Nature. 2019; 568 (7752):387-390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Andrew H. Baird; Sean R. Connolly; Tory J. Chase; Andreas Dietzel; Tessa Hill; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia Hoogenboom; Mizue Jacobson; Ailsa Kerswell; Joshua Madin; Abbie Mieog; Allison S. Paley; Morgan S. Pratchett; Gergely Torda; Rachael M. Woods. 2019. "Global warming impairs stock–recruitment dynamics of corals." Nature 568, no. 7752: 387-390.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2018 in Nature Climate Change
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ACS Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Sean R. Connolly; Andrew H. Baird; C. Mark Eakin; Scott F. Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Mizue Jacobson; Gang Liu; Morgan S. Pratchett; William Skirving; Gergely Torda. Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes. Nature Climate Change 2018, 9, 40 -43.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Sean R. Connolly, Andrew H. Baird, C. Mark Eakin, Scott F. Heron, Andrew S. Hoey, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Mizue Jacobson, Gang Liu, Morgan S. Pratchett, William Skirving, Gergely Torda. Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes. Nature Climate Change. 2018; 9 (1):40-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Sean R. Connolly; Andrew H. Baird; C. Mark Eakin; Scott F. Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Mizue Jacobson; Gang Liu; Morgan S. Pratchett; William Skirving; Gergely Torda. 2018. "Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes." Nature Climate Change 9, no. 1: 40-43.

Report
Published: 14 November 2018 in Coral Reefs
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Severe bleaching events caused by marine heat waves over the past four decades have now affected almost every coral reef ecosystem in the world. These recurring events have led to major losses of coral cover, with adverse consequences for tropical reef ecosystems and the people who depend on them. Here, we document two consecutive and widespread coral bleaching events on remote atolls in the Coral Sea in 2016 and 2017. In each year, the proportion of colonies that bleached was strongly related to heat exposure (measured as degree heating weeks, DHW, °C-weeks), depth and coral assemblage structure. Bleaching was more severe at higher DHW exposure and at sites with a higher proportion of susceptible taxa. Bleaching was also lower at 6 m than at 2 m depth. Despite the severe bleaching in 2016 on reefs in the central section of the Coral Sea Marine Park, total coral cover was not significantly reduced by 2017, suggesting that most bleached corals survived. Moreover, bleaching was less severe in 2017 despite a higher exposure to heat stress. These results indicate that while the isolation of these oceanic reefs provides no refuge from bleaching, low nutrient levels, high wave energy and proximity to cooler deeper waters may make coral on these reefs more resistant to bleaching-induced mortality.

ACS Style

Hugo B. Harrison; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Andrew H. Baird; Scott Heron; Chancey Macdonald; Terry P. Hughes. Back-to-back coral bleaching events on isolated atolls in the Coral Sea. Coral Reefs 2018, 38, 713 -719.

AMA Style

Hugo B. Harrison, Mariana Álvarez-Noriega, Andrew H. Baird, Scott Heron, Chancey Macdonald, Terry P. Hughes. Back-to-back coral bleaching events on isolated atolls in the Coral Sea. Coral Reefs. 2018; 38 (4):713-719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugo B. Harrison; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Andrew H. Baird; Scott Heron; Chancey Macdonald; Terry P. Hughes. 2018. "Back-to-back coral bleaching events on isolated atolls in the Coral Sea." Coral Reefs 38, no. 4: 713-719.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2018 in Marine Ecology Progress Series
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Andrew H. Baird; Joshua Madin; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Luisa Fontoura; James T. Kerry; Chao-Yang Kuo; Kristin Precoda; Damaris Torres-Pulliza; Rachael M. Woods; Kyle J. A. Zawada; Terry P. Hughes. A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2018, 603, 257 -264.

AMA Style

Andrew H. Baird, Joshua Madin, Mariana Álvarez-Noriega, Luisa Fontoura, James T. Kerry, Chao-Yang Kuo, Kristin Precoda, Damaris Torres-Pulliza, Rachael M. Woods, Kyle J. A. Zawada, Terry P. Hughes. A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2018; 603 ():257-264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew H. Baird; Joshua Madin; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Luisa Fontoura; James T. Kerry; Chao-Yang Kuo; Kristin Precoda; Damaris Torres-Pulliza; Rachael M. Woods; Kyle J. A. Zawada; Terry P. Hughes. 2018. "A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa." Marine Ecology Progress Series 603, no. : 257-264.

Letter
Published: 18 April 2018 in Nature
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Global warming is rapidly emerging as a universal threat to ecological integrity and function, highlighting the urgent need for a better understanding of the impact of heat exposure on the resilience of ecosystems and the people who depend on them1. Here we show that in the aftermath of the record-breaking marine heatwave on the Great Barrier Reef in 20162, corals began to die immediately on reefs where the accumulated heat exposure exceeded a critical threshold of degree heating weeks, which was 3–4 °C-weeks. After eight months, an exposure of 6 °C-weeks or more drove an unprecedented, regional-scale shift in the composition of coral assemblages, reflecting markedly divergent responses to heat stress by different taxa. Fast-growing staghorn and tabular corals suffered a catastrophic die-off, transforming the three-dimensionality and ecological functioning of 29% of the 3,863 reefs comprising the world’s largest coral reef system. Our study bridges the gap between the theory and practice of assessing the risk of ecosystem collapse, under the emerging framework for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Ecosystems3, by rigorously defining both the initial and collapsed states, identifying the major driver of change, and establishing quantitative collapse thresholds. The increasing prevalence of post-bleaching mass mortality of corals represents a radical shift in the disturbance regimes of tropical reefs, both adding to and far exceeding the influence of recurrent cyclones and other local pulse events, presenting a fundamental challenge to the long-term future of these iconic ecosystems.

ACS Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Andrew H. Baird; Sean R. Connolly; Andreas Dietzel; C. Mark Eakin; Scott Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Gang Liu; Mike McWilliam; Rachel Pears; Morgan S. Pratchett; William J. Skirving; Jessica S. Stella; Gergely Torda. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 2018, 556, 492 -496.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Andrew H. Baird, Sean R. Connolly, Andreas Dietzel, C. Mark Eakin, Scott Heron, Andrew S. Hoey, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Gang Liu, Mike McWilliam, Rachel Pears, Morgan S. Pratchett, William J. Skirving, Jessica S. Stella, Gergely Torda. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature. 2018; 556 (7702):492-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Andrew H. Baird; Sean R. Connolly; Andreas Dietzel; C. Mark Eakin; Scott Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Gang Liu; Mike McWilliam; Rachel Pears; Morgan S. Pratchett; William J. Skirving; Jessica S. Stella; Gergely Torda. 2018. "Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages." Nature 556, no. 7702: 492-496.

Report
Published: 04 January 2018 in Science
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Tropical reef systems are transitioning to a new era in which the interval between recurrent bouts of coral bleaching is too short for a full recovery of mature assemblages. We analyzed bleaching records at 100 globally distributed reef locations from 1980 to 2016. The median return time between pairs of severe bleaching events has diminished steadily since 1980 and is now only 6 years. As global warming has progressed, tropical sea surface temperatures are warmer now during current La Niña conditions than they were during El Niño events three decades ago. Consequently, as we transition to the Anthropocene, coral bleaching is occurring more frequently in all El Niño–Southern Oscillation phases, increasing the likelihood of annual bleaching in the coming decades.

ACS Style

Terry P. Hughes; Kristen D. Anderson; Sean R. Connolly; Scott F. Heron; James T. Kerry; Janice M. Lough; Andrew H. Baird; Julia K. Baum; Michael L. Berumen; Tom C. Bridge; Danielle C. Claar; C. Mark Eakin; James P. Gilmour; Nicholas A. J. Graham; Hugo Harrison; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia Hoogenboom; Ryan J. Lowe; Malcolm T. McCulloch; John M. Pandolfi; Morgan Pratchett; Verena Schoepf; Gergely Torda; Shaun K. Wilson. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 2018, 359, 80 -83.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, Kristen D. Anderson, Sean R. Connolly, Scott F. Heron, James T. Kerry, Janice M. Lough, Andrew H. Baird, Julia K. Baum, Michael L. Berumen, Tom C. Bridge, Danielle C. Claar, C. Mark Eakin, James P. Gilmour, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Hugo Harrison, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs, Andrew S. Hoey, Mia Hoogenboom, Ryan J. Lowe, Malcolm T. McCulloch, John M. Pandolfi, Morgan Pratchett, Verena Schoepf, Gergely Torda, Shaun K. Wilson. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science. 2018; 359 (6371):80-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; Kristen D. Anderson; Sean R. Connolly; Scott F. Heron; James T. Kerry; Janice M. Lough; Andrew H. Baird; Julia K. Baum; Michael L. Berumen; Tom C. Bridge; Danielle C. Claar; C. Mark Eakin; James P. Gilmour; Nicholas A. J. Graham; Hugo Harrison; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Andrew S. Hoey; Mia Hoogenboom; Ryan J. Lowe; Malcolm T. McCulloch; John M. Pandolfi; Morgan Pratchett; Verena Schoepf; Gergely Torda; Shaun K. Wilson. 2018. "Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene." Science 359, no. 6371: 80-83.

Article
Published: 18 December 2017 in Ecology
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In 2015–2016, record temperatures triggered a pan-tropical episode of coral bleaching. In the southern hemisphere summer of March–April 2016, we used aerial surveys to measure the level of bleaching on 1,156 individual reefs throughout the 2,300 km length of the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef system. The accuracy of the aerial scores was ground-truthed with detailed underwater surveys of bleaching at 260 sites (104 reefs), allowing us to compare aerial and underwater bleaching data with satellite-derived temperatures and with associated model predictions of bleaching. The severity of bleaching on individual reefs in 2016 was tightly correlated with the level of local heat exposure: the southernmost region of the Great Barrier Reef escaped with only minor bleaching because summer temperatures there were close to average. Gradients in nutrients and turbidity from inshore to offshore across the Great Barrier Reef had minimal effect on the severity of bleaching. Similarly, bleaching was equally severe on reefs that are open or closed to fishing, once the level of satellite-derived heat exposure was accounted for. The level of post-bleaching mortality, measured underwater after 7–8 months, was tightly correlated with the aerial scores measured at the peak of bleaching. Similarly, reefs with a high aerial bleaching score also experienced major shifts in species composition due to extensive mortality of heat-sensitive species. Reefs with low bleaching scores did not change in composition, and some showed minor increases in coral cover. Two earlier mass bleaching events occurred on the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002, that were less severe than 2016. In 2016, less than 9% of scored reefs had no bleaching, compared to 42% in 2002 and 44% in 1998. Conversely, the proportion of reefs that were severely bleached (>60% of corals affected) was four times higher in 2016. The geographic footprint of each of the three events is distinctive, and matches satellite-derived sea surface temperature patterns. Our aerial surveys indicate that past exposure to bleaching in 1998 and 2002 did not lessen the severity of bleaching in 2016. This dataset of aerial bleaching scores provides a historical baseline for comparison with future bleaching events. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set other than citing this publication. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

T. P. Hughes; J. T. Kerry; T. Simpson. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology 2017, 99, 501 -501.

AMA Style

T. P. Hughes, J. T. Kerry, T. Simpson. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology. 2017; 99 (2):501-501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. P. Hughes; J. T. Kerry; T. Simpson. 2017. "Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef." Ecology 99, no. 2: 501-501.

Article
Published: 28 June 2017 in WIREs Climate Change
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Polycentric governance involves multiple actors at multiple scales beyond the state. The potential of polycentric governance for promoting both climate mitigation and adaptation is well established. Yet, dominant conceptualizations of polycentric governance pay scant attention to how power dynamics affect the structure and the outcomes of climate action. We review emerging evidence on power within polycentric and distributed governance across the climate, forestry, marine, coastal, urban, and water sectors, and relate them to established positions on power within research on federalism, decentralization, international relations, and networked governance. We develop a typology of design, pragmatic, and framing power that focuses on how and in whose interests power is mobilized to achieve outcomes. We propose that the conceptual model helps to explain power dynamics across different sectors and across both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Significant research challenges arising from the analysis include the measurement and monitoring of the outcomes of power asymmetries over time. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e479. doi: 10.1002/wcc.479 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

ACS Style

Tiffany H. Morrison; William Neil Adger; Katrina Brown; Maria Carmen Lemos; Dave Huitema; Terry P. Hughes. Mitigation and adaptation in polycentric systems: sources of power in the pursuit of collective goals. WIREs Climate Change 2017, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany H. Morrison, William Neil Adger, Katrina Brown, Maria Carmen Lemos, Dave Huitema, Terry P. Hughes. Mitigation and adaptation in polycentric systems: sources of power in the pursuit of collective goals. WIREs Climate Change. 2017; 8 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany H. Morrison; William Neil Adger; Katrina Brown; Maria Carmen Lemos; Dave Huitema; Terry P. Hughes. 2017. "Mitigation and adaptation in polycentric systems: sources of power in the pursuit of collective goals." WIREs Climate Change 8, no. 5: 1.

Review
Published: 01 June 2017 in Nature
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Coral reefs support immense biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services to many millions of people. Yet reefs are degrading rapidly in response to numerous anthropogenic drivers. In the coming centuries, reefs will run the gauntlet of climate change, and rising temperatures will transform them into new configurations, unlike anything observed previously by humans. Returning reefs to past configurations is no longer an option. Instead, the global challenge is to steer reefs through the Anthropocene era in a way that maintains their biological functions. Successful navigation of this transition will require radical changes in the science, management and governance of coral reefs. Download references Author Contributions All authors contributed to the development of the paper. T.P.H. led the initial planning and writing. J.M.L. and J.K. undertook the climate analysis, I.v.d.L, M.S and E.v.N. carried out the modelling; M.L.B., J.E.C. and T.H.M. led the social science component; and D.R.B., G.S.C., T.P.H., J.B.C.J. and S.R.P. provided the ecological and evolutionary elements. Reviewer Information Nature thanks T. Gouhier, R. Richmond and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com.reprints.

ACS Style

Terry P. Hughes; Michele Barnes; David R. Bellwood; Joshua Cinner; Graeme Cumming; Jeremy B. C. Jackson; Joanie Kleypas; Ingrid A. Van De Leemput; Janice M. Lough; Tiffany Morrison; Stephen R. Palumbi; Egbert van Nes; Marten Scheffer. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 2017, 546, 82 -90.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, Michele Barnes, David R. Bellwood, Joshua Cinner, Graeme Cumming, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Joanie Kleypas, Ingrid A. Van De Leemput, Janice M. Lough, Tiffany Morrison, Stephen R. Palumbi, Egbert van Nes, Marten Scheffer. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature. 2017; 546 (7656):82-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; Michele Barnes; David R. Bellwood; Joshua Cinner; Graeme Cumming; Jeremy B. C. Jackson; Joanie Kleypas; Ingrid A. Van De Leemput; Janice M. Lough; Tiffany Morrison; Stephen R. Palumbi; Egbert van Nes; Marten Scheffer. 2017. "Coral reefs in the Anthropocene." Nature 546, no. 7656: 82-90.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2017 in Nature
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During 2015–2016, record temperatures triggered a pan-tropical episode of coral bleaching, the third global-scale event since mass bleaching was first documented in the 1980s. Here we examine how and why the severity of recurrent major bleaching events has varied at multiple scales, using aerial and underwater surveys of Australian reefs combined with satellite-derived sea surface temperatures. The distinctive geographic footprints of recurrent bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef in 1998, 2002 and 2016 were determined by the spatial pattern of sea temperatures in each year. Water quality and fishing pressure had minimal effect on the unprecedented bleaching in 2016, suggesting that local protection of reefs affords little or no resistance to extreme heat. Similarly, past exposure to bleaching in 1998 and 2002 did not lessen the severity of bleaching in 2016. Consequently, immediate global action to curb future warming is essential to secure a future for coral reefs. Download references Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

ACS Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Jorge Álvarez-Romero; Kristen Anderson; Andrew H. Baird; Russell Babcock; Maria Beger; David R. Bellwood; Ray Berkelmans; Tom C. Bridge; Ian R. Butler; Maria Byrne; Neal E. Cantin; Steeve Comeau; Sean R. Connolly; Graeme Cumming; Steven J. Dalton; Guillermo Diaz-Pulido; C. Mark Eakin; Will Figueira; James P. Gilmour; Hugo Harrison; Scott Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Emma Kennedy; Chao-Yang Kuo; Janice M. Lough; Ryan Lowe; Gang Liu; Malcolm McCulloch; Hamish A. Malcolm; Mike McWilliam; John Pandolfi; Rachel Pears; Morgan S. Pratchett; Verena Schoepf; Tristan Simpson; William J. Skirving; Brigitte Sommer; Gergely Torda; David R. Wachenfeld; Bette L. Willis; Shaun Wilson. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 2017, 543, 373 -377.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Mariana Álvarez-Noriega, Jorge Álvarez-Romero, Kristen Anderson, Andrew H. Baird, Russell Babcock, Maria Beger, David R. Bellwood, Ray Berkelmans, Tom C. Bridge, Ian R. Butler, Maria Byrne, Neal E. Cantin, Steeve Comeau, Sean R. Connolly, Graeme Cumming, Steven J. Dalton, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, C. Mark Eakin, Will Figueira, James P. Gilmour, Hugo Harrison, Scott Heron, Andrew S. Hoey, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Emma Kennedy, Chao-Yang Kuo, Janice M. Lough, Ryan Lowe, Gang Liu, Malcolm McCulloch, Hamish A. Malcolm, Mike McWilliam, John Pandolfi, Rachel Pears, Morgan S. Pratchett, Verena Schoepf, Tristan Simpson, William J. Skirving, Brigitte Sommer, Gergely Torda, David R. Wachenfeld, Bette L. Willis, Shaun Wilson. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature. 2017; 543 (7645):373-377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; James T. Kerry; Mariana Álvarez-Noriega; Jorge Álvarez-Romero; Kristen Anderson; Andrew H. Baird; Russell Babcock; Maria Beger; David R. Bellwood; Ray Berkelmans; Tom C. Bridge; Ian R. Butler; Maria Byrne; Neal E. Cantin; Steeve Comeau; Sean R. Connolly; Graeme Cumming; Steven J. Dalton; Guillermo Diaz-Pulido; C. Mark Eakin; Will Figueira; James P. Gilmour; Hugo Harrison; Scott Heron; Andrew S. Hoey; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Mia O. Hoogenboom; Emma Kennedy; Chao-Yang Kuo; Janice M. Lough; Ryan Lowe; Gang Liu; Malcolm McCulloch; Hamish A. Malcolm; Mike McWilliam; John Pandolfi; Rachel Pears; Morgan S. Pratchett; Verena Schoepf; Tristan Simpson; William J. Skirving; Brigitte Sommer; Gergely Torda; David R. Wachenfeld; Bette L. Willis; Shaun Wilson. 2017. "Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals." Nature 543, no. 7645: 373-377.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2017 in Ecology Letters
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Abundance patterns in ecological communities have important implications for biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem functioning. However, ecological theory has been largely unsuccessful at capturing multiple macroecological abundance patterns simultaneously. Here, we propose a parsimonious model that unifies widespread ecological relationships involving local aggregation, species-abundance distributions, and species associations, and we test this model against the metacommunity structure of reef-building corals and coral reef fishes across the western and central Pacific. For both corals and fishes, the unified model simultaneously captures extremely well local species-abundance distributions, interspecific variation in the strength of spatial aggregation, patterns of community similarity, species accumulation, and regional species richness, performing far better than alternative models also examined here and in previous work on coral reefs. Our approach contributes to the development of synthetic theory for large-scale patterns of community structure in nature, and to addressing ongoing challenges in biodiversity conservation at macroecological scales.

ACS Style

Sean R. Connolly; Terry P. Hughes; David R. Bellwood. A unified model explains commonness and rarity on coral reefs. Ecology Letters 2017, 20, 477 -486.

AMA Style

Sean R. Connolly, Terry P. Hughes, David R. Bellwood. A unified model explains commonness and rarity on coral reefs. Ecology Letters. 2017; 20 (4):477-486.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sean R. Connolly; Terry P. Hughes; David R. Bellwood. 2017. "A unified model explains commonness and rarity on coral reefs." Ecology Letters 20, no. 4: 477-486.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2016 in Coral Reefs
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ACS Style

Ingrid A. Van De Leemput; Terry P. Hughes; Egbert H. Van Nes; Marten Scheffer. Erratum to: Multiple feedbacks and the prevalence of alternate stable states on coral reefs. Coral Reefs 2016, 35, 867 -867.

AMA Style

Ingrid A. Van De Leemput, Terry P. Hughes, Egbert H. Van Nes, Marten Scheffer. Erratum to: Multiple feedbacks and the prevalence of alternate stable states on coral reefs. Coral Reefs. 2016; 35 (3):867-867.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ingrid A. Van De Leemput; Terry P. Hughes; Egbert H. Van Nes; Marten Scheffer. 2016. "Erratum to: Multiple feedbacks and the prevalence of alternate stable states on coral reefs." Coral Reefs 35, no. 3: 867-867.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Ecological Applications
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Establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), often including zones that are closed to fishing, is an effective approach to maintaining biodiversity and rebuilding ecosystem function (e.g. McCook et al. 2010). However, MPAs are frequently opposed by fishers and by some fisheries managers, because of the potential for displacing fishing activity and reducing catches (Caveen et al. 2015). How much catch is lost due to spatial closures in both the short and long term is a critical question, even where the objective of establishing MPAs is to conserve biodiversity rather than to regulate fisheries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

T. P. Hughes; D. S. Cameron; A. Chin; S. R. Connolly; Jon Day; Geoffrey Jones; L. McCook; P. McGinnity; P. J. Mumby; R. J. Pears; R. L. Pressey; G. R. Russ; J. Tanzer; A. Tobin; Matthew A L Young. A critique of claims for negative impacts of Marine Protected Areas on fisheries. Ecological Applications 2016, 26, 637 -641.

AMA Style

T. P. Hughes, D. S. Cameron, A. Chin, S. R. Connolly, Jon Day, Geoffrey Jones, L. McCook, P. McGinnity, P. J. Mumby, R. J. Pears, R. L. Pressey, G. R. Russ, J. Tanzer, A. Tobin, Matthew A L Young. A critique of claims for negative impacts of Marine Protected Areas on fisheries. Ecological Applications. 2016; 26 (2):637-641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. P. Hughes; D. S. Cameron; A. Chin; S. R. Connolly; Jon Day; Geoffrey Jones; L. McCook; P. McGinnity; P. J. Mumby; R. J. Pears; R. L. Pressey; G. R. Russ; J. Tanzer; A. Tobin; Matthew A L Young. 2016. "A critique of claims for negative impacts of Marine Protected Areas on fisheries." Ecological Applications 26, no. 2: 637-641.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2016 in Trends in Ecology & Evolution
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China is undergoing unprecedented social and ecological shifts, a harbinger of similar changes that will unfold in developing nations over coming decades. Many of China's degraded environments represent a new normal. Acknowledging this reality will allow societies to make informed decisions that recognize the undervalued costs of environment degradation.

ACS Style

Ke Zhang; John Dearing; Shilu L. Tong; Terry P. Hughes. China's Degraded Environment Enters A New Normal. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2016, 31, 175 -177.

AMA Style

Ke Zhang, John Dearing, Shilu L. Tong, Terry P. Hughes. China's Degraded Environment Enters A New Normal. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2016; 31 (3):175-177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke Zhang; John Dearing; Shilu L. Tong; Terry P. Hughes. 2016. "China's Degraded Environment Enters A New Normal." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31, no. 3: 175-177.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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The concept of social–ecological systems is useful for understanding the interlinked dynamics of environmental and societal change. The concept has helped facilitate: (1) increased recognition of the dependence of humanity on ecosystems; (2) improved collaboration across disciplines, and between science and society; (3) increased methodological pluralism leading to improved systems understanding; and (4) major policy frameworks considering social–ecological interactions. Despite these advances, the potential of a social–ecological systems perspective to improve sustainability outcomes has not been fully realized. Key priorities are to: (1) better understand and govern social–ecological interactions between regions; (2) pay greater attention to long-term drivers; (3) better understand the interactions among power relations, justice, and ecosystem stewardship; and (4) develop a stronger science–society interface

ACS Style

Joern Fischer; Toby A Gardner; Elena M Bennett; Patricia Balvanera; Reinette Biggs; Stephen Carpenter; Tim Daw; Carl Folke; Rosemary Hill; Terry P Hughes; Tobias Luthe; Manuel Maass; Megan Meacham; Albert V Norström; Garry Peterson; Cibele Queiroz; Ralf Seppelt; Marja Spierenburg; John Tenhunen. Advancing sustainability through mainstreaming a social–ecological systems perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2015, 14, 144 -149.

AMA Style

Joern Fischer, Toby A Gardner, Elena M Bennett, Patricia Balvanera, Reinette Biggs, Stephen Carpenter, Tim Daw, Carl Folke, Rosemary Hill, Terry P Hughes, Tobias Luthe, Manuel Maass, Megan Meacham, Albert V Norström, Garry Peterson, Cibele Queiroz, Ralf Seppelt, Marja Spierenburg, John Tenhunen. Advancing sustainability through mainstreaming a social–ecological systems perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2015; 14 ():144-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joern Fischer; Toby A Gardner; Elena M Bennett; Patricia Balvanera; Reinette Biggs; Stephen Carpenter; Tim Daw; Carl Folke; Rosemary Hill; Terry P Hughes; Tobias Luthe; Manuel Maass; Megan Meacham; Albert V Norström; Garry Peterson; Cibele Queiroz; Ralf Seppelt; Marja Spierenburg; John Tenhunen. 2015. "Advancing sustainability through mainstreaming a social–ecological systems perspective." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14, no. : 144-149.

Leading article
Published: 23 May 2015 in Pediatric Drugs
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The pediatric bone sarcomas osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma represent a tremendous challenge for the clinician. Though less common than acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumors, these aggressive cancers account for a disproportionate amount of the cancer morbidity and mortality in children, and have seen few advances in survival in the past decade, despite many large, complicated, and expensive trials of various chemotherapy combinations. To improve the outcomes of children with bone sarcomas, a better understanding of the biology of these cancers is needed, together with informed use of targeted therapies that exploit the unique biology of each disease. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of receptor tyrosine kinases, intracellular signaling pathways, bone biology and physiology, the immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in promoting and maintaining the malignant phenotype. These observations are coupled with a review of the therapies that target each of these mechanisms, focusing on recent or ongoing clinical trials if such information is available. It is our hope that, by better understanding the biology of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, rational combination therapies can be designed and systematically tested, leading to improved outcomes for a group of children who desperately need them.

ACS Style

Rocio K. Rivera-Valentin; Limin Zhu; Dennis P. M. Hughes. Bone Sarcomas in Pediatrics: Progress in Our Understanding of Tumor Biology and Implications for Therapy. Pediatric Drugs 2015, 17, 257 -271.

AMA Style

Rocio K. Rivera-Valentin, Limin Zhu, Dennis P. M. Hughes. Bone Sarcomas in Pediatrics: Progress in Our Understanding of Tumor Biology and Implications for Therapy. Pediatric Drugs. 2015; 17 (4):257-271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rocio K. Rivera-Valentin; Limin Zhu; Dennis P. M. Hughes. 2015. "Bone Sarcomas in Pediatrics: Progress in Our Understanding of Tumor Biology and Implications for Therapy." Pediatric Drugs 17, no. 4: 257-271.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2015 in Nature Climate Change
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Terry P. Hughes; Jon C. Day; Jon Brodie. Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef. Nature Climate Change 2015, 5, 508 -511.

AMA Style

Terry P. Hughes, Jon C. Day, Jon Brodie. Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef. Nature Climate Change. 2015; 5 (6):508-511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terry P. Hughes; Jon C. Day; Jon Brodie. 2015. "Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef." Nature Climate Change 5, no. 6: 508-511.