Sb₂Se₃ planar solar cells with over 10.5% efficiency have been achieved by a novel additive-assisted chemical bath deposition (CBD) technology, in which the kinetics of the deposition can be elaborately regulated via the use of additives.

A novel peeling process was introduced to effectively remove the harmful SnS ₂ secondary phase formed on the surface, which used a sticky tape without using any wet-chemical solution. Such a green surface treatment largely improved the performance of CZTS device.