The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria (NP) and to define new cutoff values according to age and sex for both conditions. Data from a population-based prevalence survey conducted among a random sample of 2,128 adults were analyzed in this study. Participants were requested to fill out a questionnaire including the International Continence Society (ICS) definitions of lower urinary tract symptoms and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form. Additionally, a 1-day bladder diary was given to each individual. The participants were divided into 5 age groups. The prevalence of nocturia was calculated based on definitions of nocturia as ≥1 voiding episodes, ≥2 episodes, and ≥3 episodes. NP was evaluated according to the ICS definition. The mean±standard errors and 95th percentile values were calculated in each group as new cutoff values for NP. The prevalence of nocturia was estimated as 28.4%, 17.6%, and 8.9% for ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 voiding episodes each night, respectively. When nocturia was defined as 2 or more voiding episodes at night, the prevalence decreased significantly. The mean NP index was 29.4%±15.0% in men and 23.1%±11.8% in women. For the age groups of <50 years, 50-59 years, and ≥60 years, the new cutoff values for the diagnosis of NP were calculated as 48%, 69%, and 59% for men and 41%, 50%, and 42% for women, respectively. We found that the definition of nocturia was still controversial and that waking up once for voiding might be within the normal spectrum of behavior. The definition of NP should be modified, and new cutoff values should be defined using the data presented in our study and in other forthcoming studies.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a prevalent condition characterized by the descent of one or more pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, into the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic floor support. This comprehensive review elucidates the multifactorial etiology of POP, which includes genetic predisposition, hormonal changes, obstetric factors, lifestyle influences, and age-related pelvic floor decline. Epidemiological data underscore its rising prevalence, particularly among older women, highlighting disparities across populations and risk factors such as parity and socioeconomic status. POP frequently coexists with significant comorbidities like urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic pain, which exacerbate its impact on quality of life. Accurate evaluation through patient history, physical examinations, and imaging modalities like ultrasound and MRI is critical for diagnosis and management. The review emphasizes advancements in POP evaluation methods, including the POP-Q system, and explores the interplay of anatomical, functional, and psychosocial factors affecting patient outcomes. Key findings reveal that a tailored and holistic approach to treatment, addressing both anatomical correction and associated symptoms, significantly improves patient outcomes. Surgical interventions can alleviate related comorbidities, including urinary and bowel dysfunctions, as well as enhance body image and sexual function. However, the long-term success of such treatments necessitates continued research into preventive strategies and innovative therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, understanding the complexities of POP’s etiology, epidemiology, and management is vital for mitigating its burden and improving the health and well-being of affected individuals. This review highlights the need for integrated care strategies and further studies to advance diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether Acridine Orange (AO) can be used as a routine procedure in a physician’s office to detect sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation in patients with varicoceles. Material and methods: Forty-five patients with a mean age of 30.4 years, who had been diagnosed with varicoceles by physical examination and 30 healthy males with a mean age of 28.3 years and without any signs of varicoceles were included in this study. Doppler Ultrasonography was performed to each individual in addition to physical examination. Semen analyses were performed by the same biologist. Sperm morphology was evaluated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and Kruger’s strict criteria. After routine semen analysis, the samples were fixed separately for further examination with AO staining. Results: In routine semen analyses, total sperm count, total motile sperm count, and fast direct forward motile and direct forward motile sperm counts were significantly lower in patients with varicoceles, and the immotile sperm count was significantly higher in patients with varicoceles compared to the control group. Kruger’s examination revealed a lower sperm count with normal morphology in patients with varicoceles. After AO staining, the ratio of spermatozoa demonstrating red and green coloration were 6.5±11.0% and 93.5±11.0%, respectively in the varicocele group and 1.0±1.0% and 99.0±1.0%, respectively in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Semen analysis using AO staining can be performed under a clinician’s office conditions with a fluorescent microscope without any additional equipment. Further studies are needed to validate the AO staining with more extensively used and well-known methods. Therefore, AO staining can be used as a simple and reliable method that can be performed daily in a physician’s office in infertility and andrology clinics.