Plants have been the primary source of sustenance, medicinal remedies, and refuge for humans throughout history. Wild edible fruits, in particular, have played a significant role in shaping people's diets due to their nutritional value. This research aimed to investigate the mineral content, antioxidant properties, chemical composition, and basic characteristics of selected wild edible fruits from Dera Ismail Khan, specifically Cordia myxa and Cordia dichotoma. The chosen wild edible fruits were utilized to determine their inorganic content through spectroscopy, assess their antioxidant potential using the DPPH assay, and analyze their proximate components such as crude fats via the soxhlet extraction method, proteins using the Kjeldahl technique, and ash content through muffle burning. Standard AOAC techniques were employed to ensure accurate measurements. The results of the proximate analysis revealed that C. dichotoma had a carbohydrate content of 88.35%, while C. myxa had 53.79%. Furthermore, the study found that the copper concentrations in C. myxa and C. dichotoma were 525.00 mg/kg and 477.70 mg/kg of dry weight, respectively. Notably, the highest levels of total phenols and their derivatives were detected in C. myxa (33.41 mg GAE/g) and C. dichotoma (19.59 mg GAE/g), with C. myxa exhibiting significant antioxidant activity (IC50 46.75 g/mL). Additionally, both fruits displayed a total flavonoid content of 0.463 mg QE/g.. Antibacterial activity was performed by microdilution method of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) whereas, Cordia myxa (L.) showed greatest activity of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Cordia dichotma inhibited Klebsiella pneumonia effectively. Cordia dichotma proved to be the good anti-diabetic while Cordia myxa proved itself for better anti-inflammatory activity in defined laboratory environment, both activities were confirmed by performing enzyme inhibition assays. With high quantities of macronutrients, trace elements, antioxidants, and possible health advantages, these neglected food sources become more important in both conventional and contemporary diets.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a lethal form of viral hapatitis, is an extra burden on the socioeconomic status of a country. Objectives: The population-based studies to quantify the incidence of hepatitis B. Data sources: in the North Waziristan, formally known as EX-FATA (Federal Administrated Tribal Area), Pakistan, are still rare. Study eligibility criteria: 943 individuals were selected on the basis of signs and symptoms to determine the epidemiology of HBV in the study population. Tests: Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods of data synthesis: Among these, 626 were male and 317 were female. All the HBV suspected individual were screened through ICT (Indirect Coombs Test) , ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and RT-PCR (Re-verse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Results: The results obtained from the screening tests for HBV revealed that RT-PCR based results are more reliable and it indicated that HBV infection is more common in male 41 (6.54%) than female 15 (4.73%). The age range selected for the study was 1-75 years. Age wise analysis indicated that HBV is more prevalent among individuals of age group between 16 to 45 years. This age range also showed higher number of patients having either mild, moderate or elevated viral loads. The HBV genotype D was the most common, present in 62.5% patients. However, 16.07 % patients were having genotype U, 12.5 % genotype C, 8.92 % genotype A, and 7.14% had genotype B. Discussion: The questionnaire based investigation revealed that HBV was most prevalent among married individuals (64.6%), whereas least prevalent among individuals having HBV positive family member (1.4 %). The other risk factors contributed were history of dental procedures (57.8%), ear, nose, piercing, or tattooing and uses of un-disposable syringes (56.5%), transfusion of blood or plasma (42.9%), surgery (41.8%), frequent visits to barber shops (39.45%), and addiction of injectable drugs (38.1%). The current study is providing a clear picture of the alarming situation HBV transmission and emphasis on the need for more effective planing, strategies and policies for the control and prevention of HBV.