Background: Biodiversity is seriously threatened by climate change impacts in the long term. Conservationists must possess a comprehensive knowledge about habitat suitability of different species and factors that control their distribution in order to effectively minimize biodiversity loss. Results: The present study showed the response of two endemic taxa in Saint Catherine protectorate (SKP) (Micromeria serbaliana and Bufonia multiceps) to anticipate climate change over the next few decades using species distribution models. In our analysis, we included the incorporation of bioclimatic variables into the SDM modeling process using four main algorithms: generalized linear model (GLM), Random Forest (RF), Boosted Regression Trees (BRT), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) in an ensemble model. The RF model outperformed other models when analyzing Micromeria serbaliana, whereas BRT demonstrated superiority in the case of Bufonia multiceps. The ensemble models exhibited the best performance, achieving a mean TSS of 0.94 for Micromeria serbaliana and 0.86 for Bufonia multiceps. Micromeria serbaliana was mainly affected by Mean temperature of wettest quarter (Bio8), elevation, and Aridity index. On the other hand, the most significant factors influencing Bufonia multiceps were determined to be Isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) × 100 (Bio3), and elevation. The habitat suitability of Micromeria serbaliana was slightly expanded during the period form 2041–2060, then declined again from 2061 to 2080, while it showed moderate expansion in the case Bufonia multiceps under the two periods. Conclusion: The results of our research support the urgent need for conservation efforts, including reintroduction and planning for in situ and ex situ conservation in appropriate habitats. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

This paper aims to answer the following questions: 1- what is the actual number of near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian flora?, 2- what are the reasons and justifications for addition or exclusion of plants to or from the final list of near-endemic taxa?, 3- what are the conservation categories of near-endemic taxa according to IUCN?, 4- How can we make a red list of these taxa?, 5-what are the services and goods offered by near-endemic taxa?, and 6- what are the threats that impact these taxa most?. These aims are achieved through preparing a recent list for the near-endemic taxa and their habitats in the Egyptian flora. The lists were analyzed in terms of taxonomic diversity, life and sex forms, size structure, flowering activity, dispersal types, economic potential, threats and national floristic distribution, and IUCN categories. The total number of near-endemic taxa in the prepared recent list is 73, belonging to 58 genera and 28 families; and were recorded in 11 habitats. The life form represented most is the therophytes while the ballochores and pogonochores are the most represented dispersal types. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of the flowered taxa until reaching a maximum value from March to May, and then decreased again reaching a minimum value from August to January. Near endemics are distributed in Egypt and adjacent countries as follows: 39 taxa with Palestine, 19 with Libya, 8 with Saudi Arabia, 4 with Sudan, 2 with Jordan, and only one with Lebanon. Fifty-one taxa had a distribution in only one phyto-geographical region, while the remaining taxa had a distribution in two or more regions. All near-endemic taxa have at least one aspect of economic goods and exposed to at least one type of threats, where the most represented good was the medicinal uses, while over-collecting and over-cutting were the most represented threats. In this paper, 30 near-endemics were evaluated according to IUCN categories as follows: 12 endangered, 5 critically endangered, 4 extinct and 1 vulnerable, while 8 species are data deficient. In addition, 36 near-endemics were also evaluated in previous studies according to IUCN categories as follows: 15 endangered, 11 critically endangered, 7 vulnerable, 2 rare and 1 least concern

Despite the numerous studies that have addressed the natural and ruderal vegetation of the Egyptian habitats in a certain regions, a few studies have dealt with the vegetation of the whole country, but no study has accounted for the plant communities associated with the endemic plants of Egypt’s. The present study aims at deign distribution for the endemic taxa using grid map analysis, analyzing their vegetation, depicting the prevailing plant communities associated with them and assessing the role of the edaphic and environmental factors that affect the communities. Six hundred and nineteen stands were investigated to recognize the plant communities associated with the Egyptian endemic flora from 2018 to 2023. The application of TWINSPAN on the cover estimates of 1026 species (21 endemics and 1005 associated) led to the recognition of 8 vegetation groups at the 4th level of classification. The vegetation groups are named as follows: I: Echinops taeckholmianus, II: Malva parviflora, III: Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum, IV: Ifloga spicata subsp. elbaensis, V: Allium roseum, VI: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, VII: Atractylis carduus var. marmarica and VIII: Atractylis carduus var. marmarica- Anabasis articulata. Soil analysis showed that most of the soils are alkaline and non-saline according to pH values. Four cations (Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+) and four anions (Co3 --, HCO3-, SO4-- and Cl-) were determined for each species as soluble salts. The majority of soil samples had sandy to loamy sandy textures. Soil samples are characterized by low content of organic matter.

The IUCN Red List, which provides data on distribution, ecology and habitats, population size, economic uses, threats and conservation actions, is a critical indicator of the status of the world's biodiversity and will assist in informing a necessary conservation decision. The Mediterranean region is characterized by a heavy endemism of plant diversity, where the majority of its species are narrow endemic species. The current investigation aims at evaluating the conservation status, degree of extinction of Mediterranean endemic plants in Egypt and their changes over the recent climate changes. Twenty Field trips were conducted from February 2017 to March 2023, investigating different regions in the coastal Mediterranean strip in Egypt. In addition, all the previous studies performed in the investigated area, scientific literature, and different herbaria have been taken into consideration. Coordinates, main habitats and threats for 15 Mediterranean endemic taxa were conducted during visits to evaluate their level of conservation depending on IUCN categories. The current investigation indicated that nine taxa were found to be threatened (7 endangered, 2 critically endangered). In addition, four taxa were believed to be extinct, while two species were recorded as Data Deficient. Climate changes (drought and excessive temperature) and human impacts (urbanization and tourism) are the most effective threats on the taxa in this region. The present investigation is the pioneer study for completely evaluation of these taxa according to IUCN criteria.