Advanced biotherapeutic systems such as gene therapy, mRNA lipid nanoparticles, antibody–drug conjugates, fusion proteins, and cell therapy have proven to be promising platforms for delivering targeted biologic therapeutics. Preserving the intrinsic stability of these advanced therapeutics is essential to maintain their innate structure, functionality, and shelf life. Nevertheless, various challenges and obstacles arise during formulation development and throughout the storage period due to their complex nature and sensitivity to various stress factors. Key stability concerns include physical degradation and chemical instability due to various factors such as fluctuations in pH and temperature, which results in conformational and colloidal instabilities of the biologics, adversely affecting their quality and therapeutic efficacy. This review emphasizes key stability issues associated with these advanced biotherapeutic systems and approaches to identify and overcome them. In gene therapy, the brittleness of viral vectors and gene encapsulation limits their stability, requiring the use of stabilizers, excipients, and lyophilization. Keeping cells viable throughout the whole cell therapy process, from culture to final formulation, is still a major difficulty. In mRNA therapeutics, stabilization strategies such as the optimization of mRNA nucleotides and lipid compositions are used to address the instability of both the mRNA and lipid nanoparticles. Monoclonal antibodies are colloidally and conformationally unstable. Hence, buffers and stabilizers are useful to maintain stability. Although fusion proteins and monoclonal antibodies share structural similarities, they show a similar pattern of instability. Antibody–drug conjugates possess issues with conjugation and linker stability. This review outlines the stability issues associated with advanced biotherapeutics and provides insights into the approaches to address these challenges.

A low-cost adsorbent developed from unmodified Azadirachta indica leaves was used for adsorptive removal of the Congo Red dye from an aqueous medium. The adsorbent was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. For optimization of operational parameters such as dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, batch adsorption experiments were performed. It was found that for neem leaves powder (NLP), the optimum conditions were as follows: adsorbent dose of 0.8 g, contact time of 100 min having a solution with pH value of 5, adsorbate initial concentration of 40 ppm at temperature 60 °C where maximum amount of dye, i.e., 84%, removal was observed. The process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, which reveals physical adsorption. According to isothermal investigations, sorption data were best fit with the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of the Congo Red dye by the neem leaf powder was exothermic. Furthermore, the mechanistic removal of the Congo Red dye by the NLP has been explored with the help of the surface complex formation (PHREEQC) mechanism. Overall, the results of the study explore the promising nature of NLP for Congo Red dye removal.

Polymeric hydrogels have become effective materials in cancer therapy because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability and tunable chattels. This review presents a thorough investigation of the synthesis and medicinal uses of different naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels, for cancer therapy, mainly via 3D modeling and printing. The exceptional biocompatibility of hydrogels, coupled with their remarkable potential for replicating the intricate extracellular matrix (ECM), positions them as ideal materials for constructing scaffolds used in the synthesis of in vitro 3D tumor constructs. Hydrogels can also be used for 3D printing to treat cancer by aiding in accurate control over the composition of hydrogel scaffolds. 3D modeling and printing play an important role in cancer treatment by enabling drug screening. This review distinguishes itself by integrating a comparative analysis of both conventional and emerging hydrogel systems—including natural, synthetic, and hybrid types particularly designed for 3D bioprinting in cancer modeling. This study paves the path for new researchers to explore cancer treatment by combining hydrogel-based materials with advanced techniques.

Introduction: In this perspective review, we evaluated the clinical management of fatal fentanyl overdose in several routes of administration, concentrating on both legally prescribed and illegally produced formulations. Methods: A literature search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: fentanyl, illicit fentanyl, deaths, misuse, abuse, and naloxone. We included only articles whose abstracts were available in English. All articles were screened using their abstracts to determine their relevance to the current review. Results: The gold standard for treating both acute and chronic pain is fentanyl, but abuse of the drug has exploded globally since the late 2000s. Fentanyl abuse has been shown to frequently result in serious harm and even death. Conclusions: By educating patients and physicians, making rescue kits easily accessible, developing vaccines to prevent opioid addiction, and perhaps even creating new tamper-resistant fentanyl formulations, it may be possible to prevent fentanyl misuse, therapeutic errors, and the repercussions that follow.