CFRP exhibits a low specific gravity, good rigidity, and high strength and is widely used in the automobile, aerospace, and biomedical fields. Against this background, the demand for composite components prepared using CFRP and polymers has increased. The service life of composite components is closely related to the bonding strength between the CFRP and the polymer. Here, using CFRP and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as raw materials, composite components were prepared via injection molding. First, micro-grooves were produced on the CFRP surface using the hot-pressing technique. Subsequently, the melted PMMA was filled in these micro-grooves using injection molding, thereby forming the bonding interface of the composite components. These micro-grooves can increase the contact area between CFRP and PMMA, thereby enhancing the bonding strength of the CRFP and PMMA interface. In this study, a single-factor experiment was used to explore the influence of each process parameter on the tensile strength of the composite components. Finally, after optimizing process parameters, the composite components with tensile strength of 10.72 MPa were obtained.