Deleterious sustained inflammation mediated by activated microglia is common to most of neurologic disorders. Here, we identified sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), an abundant deacetylase in the brain, as a major inhibitor of microglia‐mediated inflammation and neurotoxicity. SIRT2‐deficient mice (SIRT2−/−) showed morphological changes in microglia and an increase in pro‐inflammatory cytokines upon intracortical injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This response was associated with increased nitrotyrosination and neuronal cell death. Interestingly, manipulation of SIRT2 levels in microglia determined the response to Toll‐like receptor (TLR) activation. SIRT2 overexpression inhibited microglia activation in a process dependent on serine 331 (S331) phosphorylation. Conversely, reduction of SIRT2 in microglia dramatically increased the expression of inflammatory markers, the production of free radicals, and neurotoxicity. Consistent with increased NF‐κB‐dependent transcription of inflammatory genes, NF‐κB was found hyperacetylated in the absence of SIRT2, and became hypoacetylated in the presence of S331A mutant SIRT2. This finding indicates that SIRT2 functions as a ‘gatekeeper’, preventing excessive microglial activation through NF‐κB deacetylation. Our data uncover a novel role for SIRT2 opening new perspectives for therapeutic intervention in neuroinflammatory disorders.

Background/Objectives: The role of the gut microbiome in the development and progression of many diseases has received increased attention in recent years. Boron, a trace mineral found in dietary sources, has attracted interest due to its unique electron depletion and coordination characteristics in chemistry, as well as its potential role in modulating the gut microbiota. This study investigates the effects of inorganic boron derivatives on the gut microbiota of mice. Methods: For three weeks, boric acid (BA), sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB), and sodium perborate tetrahydrate (SPT) were dissolved (200 mg/kg each) in drinking water and administered to wild-type BALB/c mice. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed to determine the impact of these treatments. Results: The administration of BA significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota, resulting in a rise in advantageous species such as Barnesiella and Alistipes. Additionally, there was a decrease in some taxa associated with inflammation and illness, such as Clostridium XIVb and Bilophila. Notable increases in genera like Treponema and Catellicoccus were observed, suggesting the potential of boron compounds to enrich microbial communities with unique metabolic functions. Conclusions: These findings indicate that boron compounds may have the potential to influence gut microbiota composition positively, offering potential prebiotic effects. Further research with additional analyses is necessary to fully understand the interaction between boron and microbiota and to explore the possibility of their use as prebiotic agents in clinical settings.

Pituitary tumors are the most common form of intracranial neoplasms. However, clinically relevant pituitary tumors presenting with disturbances of hormonal secretion or mass effect are rare and they only represent about 10 % of all surgically resected intracranial neoplasms. Prolactinomas are the most common types of pituitary adenomas. Generally, hormonal expression patterns provided by immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies are correlated with the clinical features and endocrine activity of the patients. Nonetheless, exceptions occur where the immunocytochemical staining is not concordant with the clinical picture. Pituitary adenomas presenting with apoplexy are well known. However, pituitary adenomas causing cerebral stroke and resulting in hemiplegia are unusual. Here, we report an unusual case of prolactinoma with cerebral stroke and sparse prolactin (PRL) expression. A 25-year-old woman complaining of amenorrhea, dysphasia, and left hemiplegia presented with serum PRL level in excess of 4,700 ng/ml. Pre-operational radiology images revealed a giant macroadenoma and a thalamic infarct due to carotid compression. Transcranial surgery was performed. IHC study of the adenoma revealed no hormonal expression other than sparse PRL immunoreactivity. Therefore, a sparsely granulated PRL cell adenoma was diagnosed. The patient is still under follow-up with continuing cabergoline treatment.

Tuzak nöropatiler, üst ekstremitedeki ağrı, motor güçsüzlük ve duyu defisitlerinde sık karşılaşılan nedenlerden biridir. Periferik sinirlerin seyirleri sırasında belirli anatomik bölgelerde tuzaklanmaları sonucu gelişirler. Radial sinir, elin dorsal yüzünün duyusunu sağlar ve özellikle el bileği düzeyinde kompresyona bağlı olarak tuzaklanma gösterir. Bu duruma Wartenberg Sendromu denir. Bu olgu sunumunda, 30 yasında bir bayan hastanın, kozmetik amaçlı epilasyon prosedürü sırasında uzun süreli el bilegi basısı nedeniyle olusan radial sinirin yüzeyel dalının kompresyonunun sebep oldugu, geçici bir Wartenberg sendromunu sunduk ve bu tip eksternal uygulamalar sırasında pozisyona baglı radial tuzak nöropatisi gelisebilecegine dikkat çektik.Entrapment neuropathy is a common cause of pain, motor weakness and sensory disturbance of the upper extremities. It occurs due to entrapment of the peripheral nerves at points where they are vulnerable to compression on their path down the extremities. Radial nerve is responsible for sensory supply of dorsum of the hand. It is especially susceptible to entrapment at the wrist. This condition is called Wartenberg's syndrome. In this case report we present a 30 year-old female patient with entrapment of the radial nerve caused by a prolonged compression of superficial radial nerve during positioning for a depilation procedure with cosmetic purposes.