The present study evaluates the effect of electrical current with different frequencies stimulation to kill pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) bacteria in vitro using human safe level of electricity controlled by function generator. A wide range of frequencies has been used from 0.5 Hz-1.2 MHz to stimulate the bacteria at a voltage of 20 p-p volt for different periods of time (5 to 30) minutes. The culture of bacteria used Nickel, Nichrome, or Titanium electrode using agarose in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and mixed with bacterial stock activated by trypticase soy broth (TSB). The results of frequencies between 0.5-1 KHz show the inhibition zone diameter of 20 mm in average at 30 minutes of stimulation. At frequencies between 3-60 KHz the inhibition zone diameter was only 10mm for 30 minutes of stimulation. While the average of inhibition zone diameter increased to more than 30mm for 30 minutes of stimulation at frequencies between 80-120 KHz. From this study we conclude that at specific frequency (resonance frequency) (frequencies between 0.5-1 KHz) there was relatively large inhibition zone because the inductive reactance effect is equal to the value of capacitive reactance effect (XC = XL). At frequencies over than 60 KHz, maximum inhibition zone noticed because the capacitance impedance becomes negligible (only the small resistivity of the bacterial internal organs).

This narrative review aims to summarize in one paper all the known applications of infrared (IR) in medical thermography, medical applications, and the standardization protocols and basic conditions for thermal imaging in diagnostic medicine until December 2023. This technology primarily harnesses naturally emitted IR radiation from the subject's surface. These IR radiations emitted from the human body surface have been used in different fields of medical imaging to diagnose different kinds of diseases, disorders, and congenital anomalies and aid in medical therapy. Thermal imaging is a noninvasive, non-contact diagnostic technique used to measure the temperature of the human body. Therefore, IR thermal imaging has drawn significant attention and interest in recent years in a broad range of commercial applications due to its unique and superior properties. This commercial development has been supported by fundamental and applied research studies.

Background: Flatfoot deformity is a common condition in children and teenagers that may increase the risk of knee, hip, and back pain. Most of the insoles suggested to treat flatfoot symptoms are not designed to adapt to foot temperature during walking, and they are either too soft to provide support or hard enough to be uncomfortable. Purpose: This study aims to develop an advanced solution to diagnose and treat flexible flatfoot (FFT) using infrared thermography measurements and a hybrid insole reinforced by nitinol (NiTiCu) smart-memory-alloy wires (SMAWs), this super-elastic alloy can return back to its pre-deformed shape when heated, which helps to reduce the local high-temperature points caused by the uneven pressure of FFT. This approach achieves a more uniform thermal distribution across the foot, which makes the hybrid insole more comfortable. Methods: The study involved 16 subjects, divided into two groups of eight flat-footed and eight normal. The procedure includes two parts, namely, designing a prototype insole with SMAW properties based on thermography measurement by using SolidWorks, and evaluating this design using Ansys. Second, a hybrid insole reinforced with SMAWs is customized for flatfoot subjects. The thermography measurement differences between the medial and lateral sides of the metatarsophalangeal line are compared for the normal and flatfoot groups before and after wearing the suggested design. Results: The results show that our approach safely diagnosed FFT and significantly improved the thermal distribution in FFT subjects by more than 80% after wearing the suggested design. A paired t-test reported significant (p-value > 0.001) thermal decreases in the high-temperature points after using the SMAW insole, which was closely approximated to the normal subjects. Conclusions: the SMAW-reinforced insole is comfortable and suitable for treating FFT deformity, and infrared thermography is an effective tool to evaluate FFT deformity.

Nitinol-shaped memory alloy is a superplastic alloy that can return to its pre-deformed shape when heated. Different additives and manufacturing techniques resulted in different alloy characteristics. This study aims to manufacture three different concentrations of nitinol alloy using the sintering technique to expose these alloy characteristics. The alloys were manufactured using sintering techniques followed by melting in an argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The procedure includes preparing three concentrations of raw materials: NiTi of (45% Ti + 55% Ni), NiTiCu of (45% Ti + 35% Ni + 20% Cu), and NiTiAl of (35% Ti + 45% Ni + 20% Al), mixing them and sintering them, first directly and second after compressing them under five tons pressure, and examining their properties. Structural and thermal properties were analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results demonstrated the influence of alloying elements on the micro-structure, density, and phase transformation temperatures, which are critical for potential applications in various industries. It was found that the manufactured nickel titanium alloy shows a phase of heating transformation temperature of austenite phase starting (As) at 60.87 °C and austenite phase finishing (Af) at 75.40 °C, the NiTiCu alloy shows a phase of heating transformation temperature of As at 60.57 °C and Af at 69.69 °C, and the NiTiAl alloy shows a phase of heating transformation temperature of As at 64.10 °C and Af at 75.03 °C. The study findings indicate that the addition of copper and aluminum alters the thermal and structural characteristics of the Nitinol alloys, providing insights into their performance for specific applications.