Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents an escalating global health crisis, constituting the leading cause of dementia among the elderly and profoundly impairing their quality of life. Current FDA-approved drugs, such as rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine, and memantine, offer only modest symptomatic relief and are frequently associated with significant adverse effects. Faced with this challenge and in line with advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this neurodegenerative condition, various innovative therapeutic strategies have been explored. Here, we review novel approaches inspired by advanced knowledge of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Among the therapeutic alternatives, immunotherapy stands out, employing monoclonal antibodies to specifically target and eliminate toxic proteins implicated in AD. Additionally, the use of medicinal plants is examined, as their synergistic effects among components may confer neuroprotective properties. The modulation of the gut microbiota is also addressed as a peripheral strategy that could influence neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes in the brain. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of emerging approaches, such as the use of microRNAs to regulate key cellular processes and nanotherapy, which enables precise drug delivery to the central nervous system, is analyzed. Despite promising advances in these strategies, the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease continues to rise. Therefore, it is proposed that achieving effective treatment in the future may require the integration of combined approaches, maximizing the synergistic effects of different therapeutic interventions.

Objective: Corpus callosotomy (CC) is a commonly indicated palliative surgery for drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). While younger age at the time of surgery is a well‐established positive prognostic factor, there is limited evidence on long‐term outcomes in adult patients with DRE. A study that evaluates seizure control at various follow‐up points is necessary to better understand the outcomes of CC. Methods: In this retrospective longitudinal cohort, we included adult CC patients operated on by our institution's epilepsy surgery service between 1993 and 2023. We compiled epilepsy etiology, preoperative seizure frequency, and postoperative seizure outcomes at 3 years of follow‐up. Our outcomes were seizure freedom and response rate (50% frequency decrease from preoperative). Results: We analyzed data from 63 patients. The most common indication for CC was DRE due to Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome. Median seizure frequency had a significant decrease from preoperative (70 seizures per month [spm], IQR = 16–210) to the 1 year of follow‐up (4 spm, IQR = 0–20, p = <0.0001), 1–3 years of follow‐up (8 spm, IQR = 1–30, p = 3 years of follow‐up (7 spm, IQR = 2.25–30, p = <0.0001). Seizure freedom at 1 year postoperative decreased from 25.4% to 10.3% at 1–3 years ( p = 0.032), while the overall response rate of our sample remained consistent, being 81% at 1‐year follow‐up and 70% at the long‐term follow‐up ( p = 0.20). There were 10 postoperative complications, with 5 cases of neurological deficits. Significance: We identified that CC effectively decreases seizure frequency in adult patients with DRE. The reduction of seizure frequency after CC remained consistent after the first postoperative year. Prospective clinical trials are needed to better understand the long‐term outcomes of CC in adults. Plain Language Summary: This study analyzed the outcomes of corpus callosotomy (CC) in adult patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. We identified that CC is a safe and effective long‐term treatment, with 70% of patients experiencing significant seizure reduction and 11% achieving seizure freedom. While most existing evidence supports CC in children, our findings support its efficacy in adult patients as well.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Maximal safe resection correlates with improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, standardized classifications—particularly for resections extending beyond the contrast-enhancing (CE) tumor—remain inconsistent. The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO)- resect volumetric classification has demonstrated prognostic value in GBM, yet comparative validation across the literature remains limited. We aim to evaluate the prognostic performance of the RANO- resect classification for extent of resection (EOR) and compare its reproducibility in survival estimation relative to alternative, nonstandardized definitions of resection beyond the CE region. METHODS: A search was conducted on May 23, 2024, identifying studies on GBM surgery that categorized EOR using the RANO- resect classification, as well as studies evaluating resection of non-CE tumor. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were included (n = 2606). Higher RANO- resect volumetric classes were associated with improved OS ( P ≤ .0001) and PFS ( P ≤ .0001): Class 1 (Supramaximal): OS 24.6 months, PFS 13.6 months; Class 2 (Maximal): OS 18 months, PFS 9.2 months; Class 3 (Submaximal): OS 13.5 months, PFS 8.2 months; and Class 4 (Biopsy): OS 8.2 months, PFS 4.8 months. Resection of non-CE tumor was associated with improved OS (MD = 6.4 months; 95% CI: 4.25-8.68; P ≤ .0001) and PFS (MD = 5.2 months; 95% CI: 3.4-6.6; P ≤ .0001) over complete CE tumor resection alone. Several different nonstandardized terminologies for non-CE tumor resection were identified. When applying the Class 1 RANO- resect definition, heterogeneity in OS outcomes was I ² = 0%, compared with 40% to 74% with alternative definitions. CONCLUSION: Maximal volumetric resection of non-CE tumor correlates with improved survival in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. We present the first direct comparison of the prognostic reproducibility between the RANO-resect framework for EOR compared with alternative nonstandardized definitions. Notably, the use of the RANO-resect volumetric classification was associated with more homogeneous survival estimates and greater OS predictability across studies, supporting its potential implementation in future clinical trials.