Exposure to metal mixtures is recognized as a real-life scenario, needing novel studies that can assess their complex effects on brain development. There is still a significant public health concern associated with chronic low levels of metal exposure. In contrast to other metals, these three metals (As, Pb, and Mn) are commonly found in various environmental and industrial contexts. In addition to additive or synergistic interactions, concurrent exposure to this metal mixture may also have neurotoxic effects that differ from those caused by exposure to single components. The NMDA receptor and several important signaling proteins are involved in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, including CaMKII, postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein (SynGAP), a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK activity, and CREB. We hypothesized that alterations in the above molecular players may contribute to metal mixture developmental neurotoxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these metals and their mixture at low doses (As 4 mg, Pb 4 mg, and Mn 10 mg/kg bw/p.o) on NMDA receptors and their postsynaptic signaling proteins during developing periods (GD6 to PD59) of the rat brain. Rats exposed to As, Pb, and Mn individually or at the same doses in a triple-metal mixture (MM) showed impairments in learning and memory functions in comparison to the control group rats. Declined protein expressions of NR2A, PSD-95, p- CaMKII, and pCREB were observed in the metal mix-exposed rats, while the expression of SynGAP was found to be enhanced in the hippocampus as compared to the controls on PD60. Thereby, our data suggest that alterations in the NMDA receptor complex and postsynaptic signaling proteins could explain the cognitive dysfunctions caused by metal-mixture-induced developmental neurotoxicity in rats. These outcomes indicate that incessant metal mixture exposure may have detrimental consequences on brain development.

Arsenic has been detected in soil, vegetables, and irrigation water samples from the Delhi, NCR, region. The samples were collected in two distinct seasons: before a monsoon and after a monsoon. The materials were digested using a hot plate before being analysed for arsenic by hydride generating atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of arsenic in soil and water samples were below the permissible limits that are 30 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/L given by WHO. Leafy vegetables showed a higher concentration of arsenic when compared with tubers and roots. The mean concentration of arsenic in soil, water, and vegetables is 0.086723 mg/kg, 0.02348 mg/L, and 2.1458 mg/kg, respectively.

Heavy metals are defined as metals with relatively high atomic weights, atomic numbers, or densities. Both human and natural sources, such as industry discharge, vehicle exhaust, and mining, emit these metals into the environment. These heavy metals are harmful to pregnant women and the health of the neonates as they are easily absorbed through the placenta. In reality, the mother’s exposure to environmental contaminants to heavy metals may be a factor in embryonic mortality. Non-essential metals including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were discovered to be present in greater concentrations in pregnancy -related risk factors such anaemia and toxaemia. Particularly well-known environmental heavy metals like As, Cd, and Pb may put the unborn child’s health at risk through trans-placental circulation even at low concentrations. Along with the amniotic fluid and foetal membranes, the placenta is a special organ that promotes the foetus’s growth and development during the entire pregnancy. Additionally, it functions as a filter to block the entry of dangerous chemicals, shielding the developing foetus from being exposed to contaminants. Hazardous compounds can still get across the placental barrier; in fact, heavy metals have been found in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, as well as placental tissues. The impact of a heavy metal exposure intra-uterine health has been thoroughly assessed during the past few decades. In order to assess the mechanism of transfer of heavy metal through placenta and the effect on foetuses during pregnancy and the health of new born infants.

The estimated 160 million people who drink alcohol in India may be found in all 29 states and 7 union territories. With India’s uncontrolled alcohol usage, biomarkers to determine consumption of alcohol or problematic alcohol intake provide a way to reliably check a patient’s or subject’s alcohol consumption information. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) hair testing is the most accurate method for determining how much alcohol was consumed. EtG testing may be used to see whether one’s drinking habits have altered. After someone has stopped drinking, the amount of EtG in their hair gradually decreases over the course of three to six months. However, some studies have shown that chemical treatments, such as bleaching, diminish the amounts of EtG from the hair, therefore the findings should be interpreted with caution. Blood testing for Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a very accurate and consistent method for detecting alcohol intake. A sensitivity of over 99% is achieved by the fact that PEth is only formed after alcohol use. The results of a test for PEth in the blood are unaffected by the subject’s age, health, history of alcohol usage, or the presence or absence of certain drugs. Over 20ng/ml for a PEth test is considered high-level alcohol misuse, and 100ng/ml or more is indicative of severe binge drinking.

Initiation and processing of the Scene of Crime is an utmost priority of any crime scene investigator. Many types of evidence are found at the place of occurrence these may be direct or indirect (circumstantial) evidence like –physical, biological, and trace evidence. Biological evidence establishes a link between the crime site and the offender, accused, and perpetrator. The biological evidence majorly found in all crime scenes is blood. Most of the time blood the only evidence enough to solve the big criminal cases. According to Locard’s exchange principle, “Every contact leaves a trace”. In nature, blood is sticky, a visible blood splatter may be investigated to determine what happened at the crime scene. Bloodstain analysis is the process of determining the shape, size, personality, and kind of blood stains. Species identification, blood group identification, characterization of genetic markers in body fluids, and polymer identification all require blood analysis. The age of dried bloodstains may be calculable. Any presence of assorted medication and alcohol may be confirmed from pharmacological medicine analysis of blood. Another necessary side of blood in forensic science is discoloration pattern analysis.

Heavy metals can be defined as metals having relatively high densities, atomic weights. Generally heavy metals are naturally occurring substances that further accumulate and causes environmental toxicity as well as different health hazards to human population. There are different sources of heavy metals some are natural like weathering of rocks, volcanic eruption, forest fire and a number of anthropogenic sources which include fossil fuel burning, harmful gases released from industry, industrial effluent in waterways, sewage sludge, irrigation done with waste water. Water plays an essential role in the environment for both flora and fauna. Water is obtained generally from two sources naturally which include surface water like fresh water lake, streams, rivers and second is groundwater from wells and boreholes. The heavy metal accumulation in groundwater makes it imperfect to drink. Consuming this water will cause different health hazards like Arsenic particularly inorganic arsenic, may raise the chances of cancer in the body. While high amounts of Cd can harm the liver also causes kidney dysfunction, Osteoporosis, Decalcification. Long term exposure to cadmium also leads to neurological disorders. Excessive amounts of Pb can cause the problem of autoimmunity in which one’s body cells start attacking its own cells. Lead can also cause irreversible brain damage. The purpose of this study is to review previous researches done on heavy metal contamination in groundwater and their adverse health effects on human.