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Recent years have seen the convergence of industries that focus on higher protein foods, such as meat processing firms expanding into plant-based substitutes and/or cellular meat production, and fisheries firms expanding into aquaculture. A driving force behind these changes is dominant firms seeking to increase their power relative to close competitors, including by extending beyond boundaries that pose constraints to growth. The broad banner of “protein” offers a promising space to achieve this goal, despite its nutritionally reductionist focus on a single macronutrient. Protein firm strategies to increase their dominance are likely to further diminish equity in food systems by exacerbating power asymmetries. In addition, the resilience of food systems has the potential to be weakened as these strategies tend to reduce organizational diversity, as well as the genetic diversity of livestock and crops. To better understand these changes, we visually characterize firms that are most dominant in higher protein food industries globally and their recent strategic moves. We discuss the likelihood for these trends to further jeopardize food system resilience and equity, and we make recommendations for avoiding these impacts.
Philip H. Howard; Francesco Ajena; Marina Yamaoka; Amber Clarke. “Protein” Industry Convergence and Its Implications for Resilient and Equitable Food Systems. Frontiers in Sustainability 2021, 5, 1 .
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard, Francesco Ajena, Marina Yamaoka, Amber Clarke. “Protein” Industry Convergence and Its Implications for Resilient and Equitable Food Systems. Frontiers in Sustainability. 2021; 5 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard; Francesco Ajena; Marina Yamaoka; Amber Clarke. 2021. "“Protein” Industry Convergence and Its Implications for Resilient and Equitable Food Systems." Frontiers in Sustainability 5, no. : 1.
While many studies have suggested the beer value chain might be a vehicle for economic growth, few have estimated the economic impacts of craft beer to a geographic region. As such, this study uses modified input/output analysis to identify the economic contributions of instate beer production to the Michigan economy. We find that the beer value chain generated nearly $500 million in Gross State Product in 2016, contributing nearly $1 billion as well as 9738 jobs in total aggregate economic contributions. The results suggest that state governments might generate economic growth by creating a business climate that is conducive to the growth of the instate beer value chain.
Steven R. Miller; J. Robert Sirrine; Ashley McFarland; Philip H. Howard; Trey Malone. Craft Beer as a Means of Economic Development: An Economic Impact Analysis of the Michigan Value Chain. Beverages 2019, 5, 35 .
AMA StyleSteven R. Miller, J. Robert Sirrine, Ashley McFarland, Philip H. Howard, Trey Malone. Craft Beer as a Means of Economic Development: An Economic Impact Analysis of the Michigan Value Chain. Beverages. 2019; 5 (2):35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteven R. Miller; J. Robert Sirrine; Ashley McFarland; Philip H. Howard; Trey Malone. 2019. "Craft Beer as a Means of Economic Development: An Economic Impact Analysis of the Michigan Value Chain." Beverages 5, no. 2: 35.
Catherine Lindell; Rachael A. Eaton; Philip Howard; Steven Roels; M.E. Shave. Enhancing agricultural landscapes to increase crop pest reduction by vertebrates. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2018, 257, 1 -11.
AMA StyleCatherine Lindell, Rachael A. Eaton, Philip Howard, Steven Roels, M.E. Shave. Enhancing agricultural landscapes to increase crop pest reduction by vertebrates. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2018; 257 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatherine Lindell; Rachael A. Eaton; Philip Howard; Steven Roels; M.E. Shave. 2018. "Enhancing agricultural landscapes to increase crop pest reduction by vertebrates." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 257, no. : 1-11.
(1) Background: Big brewers, which have experienced declining sales for their beer brands in the last decade, have been accused of “craftwashing” by some craft brewers and their aficionados—they define craftwashing as big brewers (>6 million barrels per year) taking advantage of the increasing sales of craft beer by emulating these products or by acquiring craft breweries, while also obscuring their ownership from consumers; (2) Methods: To estimate the prevalence of these practices, the ownership of U.S. mainstream and craft beer brands was decoded and visualized. In addition, an exploratory case study analyzed how these ownership relations are represented in the craft sections of selected retailers (n = 16) in the Lansing, Michigan metropolitan area; (3) Results: By October 2017 in the U.S., all but one big brewer had either acquired a craft brewery, or formed a distribution alliance with one—without disclosing these relationships on the packaging. In the study area, 30% of 4- and 6-pack facings recorded in craft beer sections (n = 1145) had ownership ties to big brewers; (4) Conclusions: Craftwashing is common in the U.S. beer industry, and this suggests consumers must exert substantial effort to become aware of their own role in reinforcing these practices.
Philip H. Howard. Craftwashing in the U.S. Beer Industry. Beverages 2017, 4, 1 .
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard. Craftwashing in the U.S. Beer Industry. Beverages. 2017; 4 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard. 2017. "Craftwashing in the U.S. Beer Industry." Beverages 4, no. 1: 1.
Philip H. Howard. Sarah Bowen, 2015, Divided Spirits: Tequila, Mezcal, and The Politics of Production, University of California Press, Oakland, California, 256 p, ISBN 978-0-520-28,105-9. Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies 2016, 97, 271 -272.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard. Sarah Bowen, 2015, Divided Spirits: Tequila, Mezcal, and The Politics of Production, University of California Press, Oakland, California, 256 p, ISBN 978-0-520-28,105-9. Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies. 2016; 97 (4):271-272.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard. 2016. "Sarah Bowen, 2015, Divided Spirits: Tequila, Mezcal, and The Politics of Production, University of California Press, Oakland, California, 256 p, ISBN 978-0-520-28,105-9." Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies 97, no. 4: 271-272.
Diversity is important for the resilience of food systems, as well as for its own sake. Just how diverse are the systems that produce our food? I explore this question with a focus on wheat and bread and North America, and even more specifically in baking, milling and farming. Although the opacity of food and agricultural systems makes definitive answers difficult, these segments appear to be increasingly uniform with respect to ownership, geography, varieties and genes. There are also important countertrends, and while efforts to resist uniformity are currently small, they are making some progress in maintaining or even increasing diversity in some areas.
Philip H. Howard. AFHVS 2016 presidential address: Decoding diversity in the food system: wheat and bread in North America. Agriculture and Human Values 2016, 33, 953 -960.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard. AFHVS 2016 presidential address: Decoding diversity in the food system: wheat and bread in North America. Agriculture and Human Values. 2016; 33 (4):953-960.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard. 2016. "AFHVS 2016 presidential address: Decoding diversity in the food system: wheat and bread in North America." Agriculture and Human Values 33, no. 4: 953-960.
‘Natural’ is a popular food marketing term. Although it is not well-defined, it refers primarily to inputs used for food processing, rather than agricultural practices. Given the market success of organic and non-GMO labeled foods, other agricultural practices may have the potential to develop ‘natural’ market niches while also addressing sustainability goals. We assessed perceptions of natural for one specific set of agricultural practices, bird management methods in fruit crops, utilizing a series of four focus groups. In addition, we quantified consumer preferences for these methods with a national online survey (n = 1000). The most positively received methods, falconry and nest boxes, were typically described as more natural. Conversely, the most negatively received methods, live ammunition and methyl anthranilate spray, were frequently viewed as less natural. The majority of survey respondents indicated that controlling fruit-consuming birds with natural practices was important, but an even higher percentage deemed avoiding harms to personal health as important. Because falconry and nest boxes do not have perceived direct effects on human health, they are likely to have less market potential than more established ecolabels. Communicating the use of these practices to consumers, however, may result in consumers selecting them over other products, particularly if the associated price premiums are relatively modest.
Zachary Herrnstadt; Philip H. Howard; Chi-Ok Oh; Catherine A. Lindell. Consumer preferences for ‘natural’ agricultural practices: Assessing methods to manage bird pests. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 2015, 31, 516 -523.
AMA StyleZachary Herrnstadt, Philip H. Howard, Chi-Ok Oh, Catherine A. Lindell. Consumer preferences for ‘natural’ agricultural practices: Assessing methods to manage bird pests. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2015; 31 (6):516-523.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZachary Herrnstadt; Philip H. Howard; Chi-Ok Oh; Catherine A. Lindell. 2015. "Consumer preferences for ‘natural’ agricultural practices: Assessing methods to manage bird pests." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 6: 516-523.
In recent years, consumers in the United States have been confronted by no fewer than four competing fair-trade labels, each grounded in a separate certification system and widely differing standards. This fracturing is partly a response to the recent split by the U.S. certifier Fair Trade USA from the international fair trade system, but also illustrates longstanding divisions within the fair trade movement. This article explores the dynamics of competition among nonstate standards through content analyses of fair trade standards documents from the four U.S. fair-trade certifications for agrifood products (Fair Trade USA, Fairtrade America, Fair for Life, and the Small Producer Symbol). It analyzes the differences among them, asking what kinds of social and labor relations are facilitated by each, and identifies how closely they correspond with key fair trade principles. We make two primary arguments. First, we contend that the case of fair trade challenges the dominant conceptual model used to analyze competition among multiple private standards in a single arena, in which newer challengers lower the rigor of standards. Second, we argue that the current fractured U.S. certification landscape illuminates divisions among different interest groups over which principles—and which labor and production forms—should be privileged under the banner of fair trade.
Daniel Jaffee; Philip H. Howard. Who’s the fairest of them all? The fractured landscape of U.S. fair trade certification. Agriculture and Human Values 2015, 33, 813 -826.
AMA StyleDaniel Jaffee, Philip H. Howard. Who’s the fairest of them all? The fractured landscape of U.S. fair trade certification. Agriculture and Human Values. 2015; 33 (4):813-826.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Jaffee; Philip H. Howard. 2015. "Who’s the fairest of them all? The fractured landscape of U.S. fair trade certification." Agriculture and Human Values 33, no. 4: 813-826.
Intellectual property protections on seeds have increased dramatically in recent decades, from the granting of patent-like protections on certain types of seeds in 1970 to the enforcement of contract provisions for seeds beyond the first sale in 2013. During this same period, the seed industry has experienced rapid consolidation. Although as recently as the 1970s, it was characterized by thousands of small, mostly family-owned business, by 2011, just three agrochemical firms controlled more than half of the global proprietary seed market. These trends have resulted in rapidly increasing prices for commodity seeds and reduced farmers’ ability to save seeds. Given these important negative impacts, why do these trends continue? Expanding intellectual property protections and reducing the number of competitors are strategies that the largest firms understandably employ to increase their power but government support has also been essential to their success. Policy changes have reduced the enforcement of antitrust laws and increased the enforcement of alleged intellectual property infringements. In addition, synergies between stronger intellectual property protections and consolidation have further reinforced the dominance of top firms at the expense of a freely competitive industry. A better understanding of these trends is unlikely to reverse them in the near term but may increase the effectiveness of creating alternatives to a seed oligopoly. Copyright © 2015. . Copyright © by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc.
Philip H. Howard. Intellectual Property and Consolidation in the Seed Industry. Crop Science 2015, 55, 2489 -2495.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard. Intellectual Property and Consolidation in the Seed Industry. Crop Science. 2015; 55 (6):2489-2495.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard. 2015. "Intellectual Property and Consolidation in the Seed Industry." Crop Science 55, no. 6: 2489-2495.
Consumer interest in the practices embodied in food production is rising. However, little is known about consumer responses to agricultural management practices, particularly those for controlling bird pests. A national, online survey was used to assess consumers’ willingness to pay for selected bird management practices, as applied to grapes and apples (n = 1,000), via a choice modeling approach. Respondents indicated that they would pay an average of U.S. $0.41–0.76 more for fruit that embodied practices they considered more natural. Results indicate that disclosing production practices consumers consider more natural could elicit modest price premiums for fruit growers.
Chi-Ok Oh; Zachary Herrnstadt; Philip H. Howard. Consumer Willingness to Pay for Bird Management Practices in Fruit Crops. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 2015, 39, 782 -797.
AMA StyleChi-Ok Oh, Zachary Herrnstadt, Philip H. Howard. Consumer Willingness to Pay for Bird Management Practices in Fruit Crops. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 2015; 39 (7):782-797.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChi-Ok Oh; Zachary Herrnstadt; Philip H. Howard. 2015. "Consumer Willingness to Pay for Bird Management Practices in Fruit Crops." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 39, no. 7: 782-797.
Pasture-based dairy farming in Michigan may be part of a solution to the dual problems of aging farmer populations and the disappearance of small- and medium-scale farms, as well as providing a host of ancillary benefits. Previous research has shown that many farmers lack effective promotional messages for this product, which is a significant barrier to bringing it to market. The goal of this research was to create and test promotional messages with potential consumers, while also investigating current perceptions and attitudes about milk and its attributes. Insights should ultimately be used to conduct an online survey, with the ultimate goal of expanding the demand for pasture-based dairy. Trained researchers conducted six focus groups dispersed geographically in Lower Michigan in May and June, 2010. Participants generated hand-drawn milk labels that represented attributes they seek while purchasing milk and answered oral questions about their milk purchases as well as evaluated images designed by a graphic artist. The most common themes to emerge in participant’s hand-drawn images included cows in pasture, blue skies, and sunshine. Words appearing on these same drawings indicated that participants generally wanted organic, local, and grass-fed milk products. Further discussion confirmed these same three themes as being the most important milk attributes. Reasons cited for desiring these attributes included a belief in improved human health, animal welfare, and environmental benefit. Opinions on potential milk labels varied, but most preferred an image that was both artistic and realistic and portrayed a cow actively feeding at pasture.
Kristin L. Getter; Bridget K. Behe; Philip H. Howard; David S. Conner; Lia M. Spaniolo. Increasing Demand for Pasture-Based Dairy: What Attributes and Images Do Consumers Want? The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics 2014, 22, 125 -140.
AMA StyleKristin L. Getter, Bridget K. Behe, Philip H. Howard, David S. Conner, Lia M. Spaniolo. Increasing Demand for Pasture-Based Dairy: What Attributes and Images Do Consumers Want? The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics. 2014; 22 ():125-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristin L. Getter; Bridget K. Behe; Philip H. Howard; David S. Conner; Lia M. Spaniolo. 2014. "Increasing Demand for Pasture-Based Dairy: What Attributes and Images Do Consumers Want?" The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics 22, no. : 125-140.
The global beer industry has transformed dramatically in recent decades. Two key trends include (1) consolidation resulting from mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures, and (2) the largest firms expanding into new regions. While beer was previously a very local product, these trends have combined to result in approximately half of global sales being controlled by just four firms: AB InBev, SABMiller, Heineken, and Carlsberg. Notably, these top four companies are all headquartered in Western Europe. The primary products of the largest firms are pale lagers, with ales and numerous other potential beer varieties produced only in much smaller quantities, if at all. Why are these changes occurring now? Many other industries, including soft drinks, have seen a small number of companies achieve global dominance earlier than the beer industry. Recent policy and technological changes, however, have eroded many barriers to consolidation and geographic expansion for beer firms. They have enabled the largest firms to exert more political and economic power, and to move closer to the endgame of a global monopoly. These trends are not inevitable, however, and are countered by (1) the rise of specialty brewers and their much more diverse selection of beer varieties, and (2) cultural barriers to the global branding and marketing of beer.
Philip H. Howard. Too Big to Ale? Globalization and Consolidation in the Beer Industry. The Geography of Beer 2014, 155 -165.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard. Too Big to Ale? Globalization and Consolidation in the Beer Industry. The Geography of Beer. 2014; ():155-165.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard. 2014. "Too Big to Ale? Globalization and Consolidation in the Beer Industry." The Geography of Beer , no. : 155-165.
Pasture-raised (PR) milk is a specialty product that could feasibly be produced by economically challenged dairy farms. Our goal was to profile the milk market using an internet survey to identify potential future consumers of PR milk. There were 611 U.S. respondents that were divided into three categories as types of milk consumers: those who only purchased conventional milk in the past year (CONV), those who only purchased non-conventional milk (such as organic, PR, or natural milk) in the past year (NONCONV), and those who purchased both conventional and non-conventional milk in the past year (MIXED). MIXED and NONCONV agreed or strongly agreed with PR milk benefits substantially more than CONV. PR milk was also valued by NONCONV and MIXED in purchasing intentions, but not nearly as much as organic milk. In addition, CONV valued PR milk in purchasing intentions more than organic milk. Results suggest that PR milk can be successfully positioned to appeal to MIXED and perhaps some CONV, potentially increasing sales or market share.
Kristin L. Getter; Bridget K. Behe; David S. Conner; Philip H. Howard. Pasture-Raised Milk: The Market for a Differentiated Product. Journal of Food Products Marketing 2014, 20, 146 -161.
AMA StyleKristin L. Getter, Bridget K. Behe, David S. Conner, Philip H. Howard. Pasture-Raised Milk: The Market for a Differentiated Product. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 2014; 20 (2):146-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristin L. Getter; Bridget K. Behe; David S. Conner; Philip H. Howard. 2014. "Pasture-Raised Milk: The Market for a Differentiated Product." Journal of Food Products Marketing 20, no. 2: 146-161.
Sustainability marketing trends have typically been led by smaller, more mission-driven firms, but are increasingly attracting larger, more profit-driven firms. Studying the strategies of firms that are moving away from these two poles (i.e., mission-driven but larger firms, and profit-driven firms that are more committed to sustainability) may help us to better understand the potential to resolve tensions between firm size and sustainability goals. We used this approach to analyze a case study of the U.S. fair trade coffee industry, employing the methods of data visualization and media content analysis. We identified three firms that account for the highest proportion of U.S. fair trade coffee purchases (Equal Exchange, Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Starbucks) and analyzed their strategies, including reactions to recent changes in U.S. fair trade standards. We found an inverse relationship between firm size and demonstrated commitment to sustainability ideals, and the two larger firms were much less likely to acknowledge conflicts between size and sustainability in their public discourse. We conclude that similar efforts to increase sustainability marketing for other products and services should be more skeptical of approaches that rely on primarily on the participation of large, profit-driven firms.
Philip H. Howard; Daniel Jaffee. Tensions Between Firm Size and Sustainability Goals: Fair Trade Coffee in the United States. Sustainability 2013, 5, 72 -89.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard, Daniel Jaffee. Tensions Between Firm Size and Sustainability Goals: Fair Trade Coffee in the United States. Sustainability. 2013; 5 (1):72-89.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard; Daniel Jaffee. 2013. "Tensions Between Firm Size and Sustainability Goals: Fair Trade Coffee in the United States." Sustainability 5, no. 1: 72-89.
Philip H. Howard. Rachel Schurman and William A. Munro: Fighting for the future of food: activists versus agribusiness in the struggle over biotechnology. Agriculture and Human Values 2012, 29, 431 -432.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard. Rachel Schurman and William A. Munro: Fighting for the future of food: activists versus agribusiness in the struggle over biotechnology. Agriculture and Human Values. 2012; 29 (3):431-432.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard. 2012. "Rachel Schurman and William A. Munro: Fighting for the future of food: activists versus agribusiness in the struggle over biotechnology." Agriculture and Human Values 29, no. 3: 431-432.
The prevalence of obesity and overweight in youth has increased dramatically since the 1980s, and some researchers hypothesize that increased consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods is a key contributor. The potential importance of food retailers near schools has received increasing attention, but public health research and policy has focused primarily on fast food restaurants. Less is known about the relationship between overweight/obesity and other types of retailers. This study aims to investigate the potential associations between nearby 1) fast food restaurants, 2) convenience stores, and 3) supermarkets, and rates of overweight students in California schools.
Philip H Howard; Margaret Fitzpatrick; Brian Fulfrost. Proximity of food retailers to schools and rates of overweight ninth grade students: an ecological study in California. BMC Public Health 2011, 11, 68 -68.
AMA StylePhilip H Howard, Margaret Fitzpatrick, Brian Fulfrost. Proximity of food retailers to schools and rates of overweight ninth grade students: an ecological study in California. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11 (1):68-68.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H Howard; Margaret Fitzpatrick; Brian Fulfrost. 2011. "Proximity of food retailers to schools and rates of overweight ninth grade students: an ecological study in California." BMC Public Health 11, no. 1: 68-68.
Classifying food retailers is an important step in spatial analyses of food environments for public health research, but current classification methods would benefit from refinement. We classified 94 retailers in Lansing, Michigan, based on the availability of 446 produce items. We compare our classification to groupings based on physical characteristics of stores, which provide indirect information on food availability and are widely used to classify food retailers. We found some justification for 3 commonly used categories (supermarket, grocer, and convenience store). However, additional categories of ethnic food specialist and organic specialist grocers are necessary to summarize variation in food availability, which correlates weakly with physical characteristics of stores.
Chris S. Duvall; Philip H. Howard; Kirk Goldsberry. Apples and Oranges? Classifying Food Retailers in a Midwestern US City Based on the Availability of Fresh Produce. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 2010, 5, 526 -541.
AMA StyleChris S. Duvall, Philip H. Howard, Kirk Goldsberry. Apples and Oranges? Classifying Food Retailers in a Midwestern US City Based on the Availability of Fresh Produce. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition. 2010; 5 (4):526-541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChris S. Duvall; Philip H. Howard; Kirk Goldsberry. 2010. "Apples and Oranges? Classifying Food Retailers in a Midwestern US City Based on the Availability of Fresh Produce." Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 5, no. 4: 526-541.
This article considers how geospatial analyses can influence cartographic outputs in studies of the spatial structure of food environments. We make two contributions. First, we present a new approach to conceiving and visualizing urban food environments as ‘nutritional terrains’, in which the opportunities and costs of locating (healthful) food vary continuously across space. While other researchers have conceptualized and represented food environments as continuous phenomena, we use detailed data to produce maps of food accessibility that have high resolution both spatially and in terms of food availability. Second, we show that decisions made about measuring and modelling food accessibility can create artifactual patterns independently of actual variation in food-environment characteristics. Although the type of method-driven patterning we identify will not surprise cartographers, we argue that non-geographers using geographic information technologies to visualize food environments must give greater attention to the unintended consequences of choices made in geospatial analyses.
Kirk Goldsberry; Chris S. Duvall; Philip H. Howard; Joshua E. Stevens. Visualizing nutritional terrain: a geospatial analysis of pedestrian produce accessibility in Lansing, Michigan, USA. Geocarto International 2010, 25, 485 -499.
AMA StyleKirk Goldsberry, Chris S. Duvall, Philip H. Howard, Joshua E. Stevens. Visualizing nutritional terrain: a geospatial analysis of pedestrian produce accessibility in Lansing, Michigan, USA. Geocarto International. 2010; 25 (6):485-499.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirk Goldsberry; Chris S. Duvall; Philip H. Howard; Joshua E. Stevens. 2010. "Visualizing nutritional terrain: a geospatial analysis of pedestrian produce accessibility in Lansing, Michigan, USA." Geocarto International 25, no. 6: 485-499.
Minority youth in the United States experience higher rates of diet-related health disparities than their white, non-Latino counterparts. The field of community food security seeks to employ holistic constructs to better understand the social and environmental factors that impact diet-related health. Some perspectives greatly advocate the inclusion of youth in constructing problems and solutions; however, it is unclear what level or form of participatory learning and practice is necessary in community food security and food environments initiatives. This article describes a university–community partnership project that included youth as members in what we refer to as a food environments community of practice. Drawing from theories on sociocultural learning and typologies of participation we explore how our approach enabled and constrained ideal youth participation, as well as the food environments and community food security discourses and practices the youth find most relevant.
Katherine Nault; Margaret Fitzpatrick; Philip H. Howard. Engaging Youth in Food Environments Research: The Role of Participation. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 2010, 5, 174 -190.
AMA StyleKatherine Nault, Margaret Fitzpatrick, Philip H. Howard. Engaging Youth in Food Environments Research: The Role of Participation. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition. 2010; 5 (2):174-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatherine Nault; Margaret Fitzpatrick; Philip H. Howard. 2010. "Engaging Youth in Food Environments Research: The Role of Participation." Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 5, no. 2: 174-190.
Philip H. Howard; Patricia Allen. Beyond Organic and Fair Trade? An Analysis of Ecolabel Preferences in the United States. Rural Sociology 2010, 75, 244 -269.
AMA StylePhilip H. Howard, Patricia Allen. Beyond Organic and Fair Trade? An Analysis of Ecolabel Preferences in the United States. Rural Sociology. 2010; 75 (2):244-269.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip H. Howard; Patricia Allen. 2010. "Beyond Organic and Fair Trade? An Analysis of Ecolabel Preferences in the United States." Rural Sociology 75, no. 2: 244-269.