The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of different processing methods on the antinutritional factors of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) of the Pusa Baisakhi variety. The values obtained were as follows: tannin 477 mg/100 g, oxalate 227 mg/100 g, phytate 627 mg/100 g, total phenolic content 772 mg/100 g, and saponin 2618 mg/100 g in raw mungbean, on a dry basis. The maximum reduction in tannin (63%) was observed when the mungbean was processed by the soaking and dehulling processes. The reduction achieved by soaking for 12 h and germination for 36 h was the most effective method in reducing the phytate content of mungbean (39%). The maximum reduction in saponin (22%) and oxalate (71%) was observed by autoclaving the soaked seeds. In comparison to other methods, roasting was the least effective method to reduce tannin, phytate, and oxalate. Autoclaving of the soaked seeds was the most effective method for reducing the antinutrients of mungbean among the cooking treatments. The processing methods such as soaking, dehulling, germination, roasting, raw open cooking, raw autoclaving, soaked open cooking, and autoclaving of soaked seeds significantly reduced the antinutrient contents of mungbean (p < 0.05). However, the effects of the treatments combined were more effective than those of the single process.

This study investigates the impact of three precipitation methods—ammonium sulfate (40%), acetone, and acetone with trichloroacetic acid (TCA)—on the yield and activity of protease extracted from Averrhoa carambola (starfruit) at different maturity stages (unripe, semi-ripe, and ripe). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize hydrolysis conditions, focusing on temperature and pH. Proteases were incubated in buffers ranging from pH 3.5 to 8.5 and at temperatures between 40°C and 90°C, and their proteolytic activity was assessed. Storage stability was monitored over 7 days at <4°C. Ammonium sulfate (40%) yielded the highest proteolytic activity (PA), especially at the unripe stage (0.34 units). In contrast, acetone with TCA gave the highest specific activity (up to 2.38 U/mg at the ripe stage), indicating more efficient enzymes despite lower total ield. Acetone precipitation showed intermediate results. Optimal activity (0.862 units/mL) was achieved at 65°C and pH 6.5. A significant decline in activity occurred during storage at <4°C. These results highlight the need to balance total activity and enzyme efficiency when selecting extraction methods. Overall, ammonium sulfate is most effective for higher yield at the unripe stage, while acetone with TCA excels in specific activity for efficiency-driven applications.