Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with three presentations: inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and combined. These may represent an independent disease entity. Therefore, the therapeutic approach must be focused on their neurobiological, psychological and social characteristics. To date, there is no comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of different treatments for each presentation of ADHD and each stage of development. This is as narrative overview of scientific papers that summarize the most recent findings and identify the most effective pharmacological and psychosocial treatments by ADHD presentation and age range. Evidence suggests that methylphenidate is the safest and most effective drug for the clinical management of children, adolescents and adults. Atomoxetine is effective in preschoolers and maintains similar efficacy to methylphenidate in adults, whereas guanfacine has proven to be an effective monotherapy for adults and is a worthy adjuvant for the management of cognitive symptoms. The psychosocial treatments with the best results in preschoolers are behavioral interventions that include training of primary caregivers. In adolescents, the combination of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies has shown the best results, whereas cognitive-behavioral interventions are the most effective in adults. Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments must be adjusted to the ADHD presentation and its neurocognitive characteristics through the patient’s development.

The expression of empathy improves the quality of health care, which is why its instruction is suggested during the years of academic training of medical students. However, expressing empathy can also cause anxiety and impair psychological well-being. To identify profiles that describe the relationship between empathy, anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. Cross-sectional study in Mexican medical students completed the Multidimensional Empathy Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults. Women presented greater empathy and anxiety and lower psychological well-being (p < 0.01). Anxiety in students of the last year of training was lower compared to students of the first and second year (p < 0.01). Four profiles were detected: 1) men, minimal anxiety, low empathy; 2) first-year students, moderate to severe anxiety, low psychological well-being, high empathy; 3) last year of training, mild anxiety, adequate psychological well-being, medium empathy; 4) women, second and third year of training, very high empathy. Medical students in their first year of training constitute a population at risk. Attention strategies are necessary for this student group.

The present work examined how the esthetic impression caused by a specific mug selection seems to influence the expected flavor elicited by a coffee beverage. Participants from Mexico viewed online photographs of espresso, Americano, latte and cappuccino presented in two different mugs, including a transparent glass mug and a white ceramic mug. The type of mug influenced participants’ subjective ratings of the drinks. Espresso and Americano were expected to be more aromatic, bitter, hotter and more intense when served in a transparent glass mug rather than in a white ceramic mug. Results extend the knowledge of consumer preferences and bring an idea for the best way to better fulfill customer’s sensory expectations.

El COVID-19 ha provocado consecuencias negativas en la salud mental de los docentes, especialmente ante la instrumentación de un regreso gradual a actividades presenciales. El objetivo del estudio fue validar la estructura factorial de los instrumentos: escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 (EPCov-19), escala de estrés percibido relacionado con la pandemia de COVID-19 (EEP-10-C) y escala de fatalismo ante la posibilidad de contagio por el coronavirus (F-COVID-19) en docentes mexicanos del nivel medio superior, superior y posgrado. Participaron 276 docentes de diferentes estados de México, de entre 24 y 77 años (M = 46.88; DE = 10.62), quienes respondieron una ficha de identificación, además de las escalas EPCov-19, EEP-10-C y F-COVID-19. La validez de constructo de las escalas se calculó a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, previo a estos, se llevó a cabo un análisis paralelo. La consistencia interna se obtuvo mediante α de Cronbach y ω de McDonald. Se detectó que cada una de las escalas posee una estructura unifactorial, que explican entre el 53 % y 78 % de la varianza y poseen una consistencia interna de elevada a muy elevada. Las escalas presentan adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y pueden ser utilizadas en docentes mexicanos.

A redefinition of insight-type events is presented, an initial attempt to view insight in terms of behavior analysis in the clinical context and relevant variables are suggested for their study. This definition assumes the insight as a novel behavior that involves the search for solutions to psychological problems. Solving a problem is discovering an effective behavior pattern, based on the creation of verbal rules that help the client to reach the solution. In this problem-solving process, a new behavior emerges, explained through the solution of a transfer task. The theoretical proposal exposed allows a better understanding of this phenomenon, overcoming the problems of mentalist conceptions about the term of insight, and contributes to a better understanding of some relevant elements of change process. Se presenta una redefinición del evento tipo ,insight,, un intento inicial por explicar el ,insight, en términos del análisis de la conducta en el contexto clínico, así como la propuesta de variables relevantes para su estudio. Esta definición asume el ,insight, como una conducta novedosa que involucra la búsqueda de soluciones a problemas de carácter psicológico. Resolver un problema es descubrir un patrón de conducta efectivo, a partir de la creación de reglas verbales que ayudan al cliente a llegar a la solución. En este proceso de resolución de problemas, emerge una conducta novedosa explicada a través de la solución de una tarea de transferencia. La propuesta teórica expuesta permite una mejor comprensión del fenómeno, superando los problemas de concepciones mentalistas y contribuye a un mejor entendimiento de elementos relevantes del proceso de cambio.