Forest resources and the flow of ecosystem services they provide play a key role in supporting national and regional economies, improving people’s lives, protecting biodiversity, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Based on the ISI (Institute of Scientific Information) Web of Science (WoS) database, we used a bibliometric approach to analyze the research status, evolution process, and hotspots of forest ecosystem services (FES) from a compilation of 8797 documents published between 1997 and 2019. The results indicated that: (1) research on forest ecosystem services has developed rapidly over the past 23 years. Institutions in the United States and other developed countries have significantly contributed to undertake research on the topic of ecosystem services. (2) The 11 hotpot key focus areas of completed research were payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, forest governance, ecosystem approaches, climate change, nitrogen, ecosystem management, pollination, cities, ecological restoration, and policy. (3) The trade-off relationships among ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience and stability have become the research frontier in this field. (4) Future research on FES will likely focus on the formation and evolution mechanism of ecosystem services; the interaction, feedback and intrinsic connections of ecosystem services at different scales; analysis of the trade-offs and synergies; unified evaluation standards, evaluation systems, model construction and scenario analyses; in-depth studies of the internal correlation mechanism between forest ecosystem services and human wellbeing; and realization of cross-disciplinary and multi-method integration in sustainable forest management and decision-making.

This study aimed to delve deeper into the alterations in the microbial residual carbon (MRC) accumulation in the Yangtze River’s wetland ecosystems as a consequence of afforestation and to evaluate their impact on soil organic carbon (SOC). The hypothesis posited that afforestation could foster soil aggregation by augmenting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) hyphae and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in deep soil, thereby suppressing the proliferation of genes pivotal to microbial residue decomposition and enhancing MRC accumulation. We collected soil samples at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm respectively. Metagenomic sequencing, the quantification of soil amino sugars and MRC, soil aggregate distribution profiling and the measurement of AMF mycelium length density alongside GRSP levels were analyzed. Our findings showed that afforestation notably elevated the concentration of soil amino sugars and the levels of total and fungal MRC, with increases ranging from 53%–80% and 82%–135%, respectively, across the five soil depths examined, in stark contrast to the eroded, non-afforested control. The role of MRC in the SOC was observed to escalate with increasing soil depth, with afforestation markedly amplifying this contribution within the 40–60 cm, 60–80 cm and 80–100 cm soil layers. The study concludes that the SOC content in the deeper soil horizons post-afforestation witnessed a significant rise, paralleled by a substantial increase in both total and fungal MRC, which exhibited a robust positive correlation with the SOC levels. This underscores the pivotal role that amino sugar accumulation from microbial residues plays in the retention of SOC in the deeper soil layers of afforested regions, challenging the conventional wisdom that plant residues are recalcitrant to decomposition within forested SOC matrices.

The objective of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural characteristics of nucleated cells in the bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia (AA). This was done by observing the morphology of nucleated cells in bone marrow aspirates from 20 patients with AA by transmission electron microscopy. Erythroblasts were decreased in all cases and not observed in 6 cases. Nuclear abnormalities, such as pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, apoptosis, and "Swiss cheese"-like changes, were found in 10 cases. Focal cytoplasmic necrotic changes and cytolysis were found in 3 cases. There were more megaloblasts in 4 cases. Abnormalities of granulocytes were found in 12 out of 18 cases. Megakaryocytes showed focal cytoplasmic necrotic changes. Most monocytes had dendritic features, including excessive cytoplasm, processes, and large round nuclei in all cases. Other monocytes illustrated typical monocytic features with twisted nuclei, plentiful RER, vacuoles, lysosomes, and prominent Golgi apparatus. Macrophages and hemophagocytes occurred in all cases. The incidence of lymphocytes was high in 17 out of 20 cases and occasionally lymphocytes were enlarged in 8 cases. More plasmacytes and plasmacytoid lymphocytes were found in 5 and 3 cases, respectively. The observations suggest that (1) the universal nuclear injury of erythroblasts may be related to the pathogenetic pathway of AA development; (2) the dendritic cells and hemophagocytes from the mononuclear phagocyte system may play a more critical role in hematopoietic failure of AA, directly and/or indirectly; and (3) besides T lymphocytes, increasing numbers of plasmacytes or plasmacytoid lymphocytes are associated with AA in some cases.

The composition of natural forest was relatively complex. The research of its biomass allocation could lay a foundation for the carbon storage study. The biomass allocation of pine-oak mixed forest in Xiaolong mountain was analyzed through plot survey. The average individual biomass of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, Pinus armandi, Pinus tabulaeformis, and broad-leaved tree species was 67.86±21.21kg, 104.58±61.02kg, 32.07± 9.37kg, 30.05± 9.19kg and the average individual volume was 0.08±0.02 m3, 0.11±0.06 m3, 0.05±0.02 m3, 0.03±0.01 m3. The biomass of tree layer for each tree species was 56.47 ±25.80 t/hm², 18.88± 15.99 t/hm², 17.26± 11.66 t/hm², 17.99± 16.38 t/hm², and the average volume were 66.96±32.60 m³/hm², 19.47±16.44 m³/hm², 28.82±20.19 m³/hm², 22.82±15.61 m³/hm². The biomass among different organs in the same tree species and among different tree species in the same organ were significant differences. Taking the organ carbon content as 0.5, the carbon storage of each tree species was 28.24±12.9t/hm2, 9.44±7.99t/hm2, 8.63±5.83t/hm2, 8.99±8.19t/hm2, respectively.