Loess is widely distributed in Northwestern China and serves as the preferred engineering construction material for anti-fouling barriers. Heavy metal contamination in soil presents significant challenges to the engineering safety of vulnerable loess structures. Hence, there is an urgent need to investigate the impact of heavy metal ions on their percolation performance. In order to investigate the effectiveness of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) using Sporosarcina pasturii (CGMCC1.3687) bacteria in reducing internal seepage erosion, a saturated permeability test was conducted on reshaped loess under constant water head saturation conditions. The response of loess to deionized water (DW) and ZnCl₂ solution seepages was analyzed by monitoring changes in cation concentration over time, measuring Zeta potential, and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the hydrolysis of Zn²⁺ creates an acidic environment, leading to the dissolution of carbonate minerals in the loess, which enhances its permeability. The adsorption of Zn²⁺ ions and the resulting diffusion double-layer (DDL) effect reduce the thickness of the diffusion layer and increase the number of free water channels. Additionally, the permeability of loess exposed to ZnCl₂ solution seepage significantly increased by 554.5% compared to loess exposed to deionized water (DW) seepage. Following the seepage of ZnCl₂ solutions, changes in micropore area ratio were observed, decreasing by 48.80%, while mesopore areas increased by 23.9%. MICP treatment helps reduce erosion and volume shrinkage in contaminated loess. Carbonate precipitation enhances the erosion resistance of contaminated loess by absorbing or coating fine particles and creating bridging connections with coarse particles. These research results offer new perspectives on enhancing the seepage properties of saturated loess in the presence of heavy metal erosion and the geochemical mechanisms involved.

Positively and negatively charged additives tune MICP to strengthen Pb-contaminated loess. The optimized system enhances carbonate precipitation, improves Pb immobilization, and increases soil mechanical performance via controlled nucleation and crystal growth.

The effective removal of organic pollutants and bacteria are of great significance considering the hazards to the environment and human health. The two-dimensional AgBiO₃/Bi₂MoO₆ heterojunction with rich oxygen vacancies was successfully fabricated via a hydrothermal method and systematically characterized by various analytical techniques. The photocatalytic experimental results revealed that the addition of AgBiO₃ improved the photocatalytic performance of Bi₂MoO₆, and the AgBiO₃/Bi₂MoO₆-10 heterojunction possessed the best degradation effect toward RhB (72%) within 100 min, with 1.38 and 1.44 times higher activity than pure Bi₂MoO₆ and AgBiO₃, respectively. The bacteria were completely inactivated within 90 min by AgBiO₃/Bi₂MoO₆-10 heterojunction. The reason for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity was the synergistic effect between AgBiO₃ and Bi₂MoO₆. The constructed Z-scheme heterojunction with oxygen vacancies improved the separation efficiency of photo-induced electrons and holes and broadened the range of visible-light absorption. The trapping experiments and ESR indicated that superoxide radical and holes were the main reactive species.

The repurposing of carbide slag (CS) coupled with the advancement of eco-friendly engineering methodologies promises a novel approach to addressing the technical challenges inherent in loess refinement. This inquiry delves into the feasibility of employing CS as an economically viable and ecologically sustainable remedy to amplify the engineering attributes of loess within the context of optimal preservation. In this investigation, assorted quantities of CS, spanning from 1% to 6%, were infused into the loess. The efficacy of CS as an additive was ascertained through a comprehensive array of tests administered across varied curing durations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days), concentrating on its influence over the soil’s mechanical attributes. The study conducted various tests such as dual hydrometer, Attberg limit, specific gravity, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), consolidation, physico-chemical properties (pH, conductivity), and chemical analysis (sodium percentage and sodium adsorption rate). The study demonstrated that the incorporation of CS into loess resulted in an increase in hydraulic conductivity, UCS, and optimum water content while reducing maximum dry density, plasticity, and compressibility. Specifically, the application of 6% CS resulted in a significant 6.7-fold increase in UCS from 226.8 (kPa) to 1508.8 (kPa) over a 30-day curing period. It was also observed that the addition of CS and curing period resulted in a decrease in soil pH from 8.5 to 7.5 and an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) from 250 to 490 μs/cm. When the CS concentration was increased to 6%, the amount of Na⁺ ions, the total soluble salts, and the percentage of Na in the loess decreased. The phenomenon can be ascribed to the replacement of Ca²⁺ for Na⁺, leading to a more slender, diffuse double layer and heightened stability. The application of calcium silicate in loess subgrades enhances their stability and potency, concurrently providing an ecologically sound waste management resolution. Consequently, it emerges as a profoundly viable choice for ameliorating loess within the realm of the construction sector.