Microplastics (MPs), defined as synthetic polymer particles less than 5 mm in diameter, are widely acknowledged as ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater, marine, and polar environments. Global concern with MPs has significantly increased; nevertheless, much of the current knowledge remains fragmented and, at times, limited to specific regions or ecological compartments. This study emphasizes the necessity of a thorough synthesis by critically analyzing global microplastics’ dispersion patterns, ecological consequences, and associated human health concerns. A systematic approach was employed, integrating specific search terms and establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria across various scientific databases to obtain a representative collection of literature. The study covers important topics such as the classification of MPs, their distribution, environmental impacts, and interactions with other pollutants, including heavy metals, pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing ecosystem-specific vulnerabilities, such as those found in tropical wetlands, marine gyres, and polar systems. The review examines potential human exposure pathways, via contaminated seafood, water, and air, while also compiling new information about cellular and physiological damage, including oxidative stress, inflammation, hormone disruption, and possible genetic effects. This investigation highlights the value of collaborative monitoring, the adoption of biodegradable alternatives, policy development, and interdisciplinary research by integrating knowledge from ecology and public health. The primary objective is to advance ecosystem-specific mitigation techniques and promote evidence-based policy development in addressing this intricate environmental issue.

The Haor region in northeastern Bangladesh, characterized by seasonal wetlands and a heavy reliance on fisheries, faces significant challenges due to climate change. Erratic rainfall, prolonged flooding, and ecosystem degradation threaten traditional fishing practices and community livelihoods. This study investigates the potential of climate-resilient cage aquaculture as a sustainable, alternative income-generating solution for vulnerable Haor communities. An 80-day experiment was conducted in five villages of Sunamganj district, Sylhet division, Bangladesh, where tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry were reared in climate-resilient floating cages at five stocking densities: T1 (800 fry/m³), T2 (900 fry/m³), T3 (1000 fry/m³), T4 (1100 fry/m³), and T5 (1200 fry/m³). Key environmental parameters, including temperature (28.12–29.55 °C), dissolved oxygen (4.61–6.55 mg/L), pH (7.53–7.72), and ammonia (0.05–0.76 mg/L), remained within optimal ranges across treatments. Growth performance, survival rate, and economic feasibility were evaluated with T5 yielding the highest gross production (51.77 ± 4.80 kg/m³) and net benefits (7500 ± 500 BDT/m³), achieving a benefit–cost ratio of 1:2.86. The survey findings revealed that a majority of fishers (82%) identified tilapia cage culture as a promising alternative livelihood, yet financial constraints and limited access to credit hinder adoption. Despite these socioeconomic challenges, our findings suggest that tilapia cage culture offers a viable income-generating solution, particularly during flood periods. The study highlights floating cage aquaculture as a climate-resilient strategy to mitigate climate impacts, enhance food security, and improve economic resilience in flood-prone and ecologically sensitive regions.

A brand offers its customers a certain value. Services are all that customers desire to use and take pleasure in. In the fish feed industry, brand awareness plays a varied role in developing a better level of consumer loyalty. As the industry leader, Cherish Feed uses a variety of brand-building strategies to raise consumer awareness, but these strategies don't always let them reap the many advantages of complete customer loyalty. However, the study's goal was to determine how brand awareness affected customers' loyalty to Cherish Feed Company. With the help of a five-point Likert scale, all 150 participants in the study who were selected using stratified sampling were polled. Statistical tools like multiple regression analysis and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Nine brand awareness-boosting factors, including brand name, logo, character, product variety, communication, availability, event, promotional merchandise, and trade show, were broken down into three categories by the study: "Brand Recognition Elements," "Brand Exposure Builders," and "Marketing Programs." The results also indicate that "marketing programs" had the biggest impact on brand recognition out of these three variables. Regression analysis revealed a high degree of positive association between brand awareness building variables and customer loyalty. The most significant factors influencing customer loyalty are the ability to recognize brand attributes such as name, slogan, and character, as well as affordability with price and participation in Igloo-sponsored events. In the end, recommendations were made that, if implemented by Cherish Feed management, will guarantee increased client loyalty.

The pond aquaculture sector in Bangladesh expands rapidly. Total fish production from pond aquaculture increasing day by day. Bangladesh ranks fifth in aquaculture production and becomes fourth in the tilapia production in the world. Total fish production in Bangladesh was about 4.27 million MT in 2017-18 fiscal years and the pond aquaculture production was about 1.9 million MT which contributes about 44.43% of the total fisheries production in 2017-18. That means pond aquaculture contributes a lot in Bangladesh fisheries sectors. For getting proper outcome from the pond aquaculture some basic guidelines should be followed during pre-stocking, stocking, and post stocking management of freshwater pond. Firstly, pond should be prepared properly before stocking of fish seed like aquatic weeds and predators should be eradicated with properly constructed the pond bottom and dike and then liming and fertilization should be done for making a better culture environment for fish. Good quality fish seed should be sock to the pond and feeding should be done properly. Periodic sampling for examining the proper growth and any disease infestation occurs should be done. Liming and fertilization should be done after stocking of fish seed if needed. Harvesting and marketing of fish should be done by considering some factors to get good profit.

A fundamental pathophysiological process, apoptosis is also a crucial stage in healthy growth and life. Despite the fact that a variety of triggers can cause cell death, the mode of cell death often follows distinct patterns. Necrosis is a non-physiological process that happens as a result of infection or injury. Apoptosis, also known as Type I cell death, and autophagy, often known as Type II cell death, are both types of planned cell death. Necrosis, which can take many various forms, is the death of cells brought on by outside forces like injury or infection. Necroptosis, a type of programmed necrosis, has recently been identified as an additional type of designed cell death. Necroptosis is thought to work as a cell-death fallback when apoptosis signaling is inhibited by endogenous or external elements like viruses or mutations. Cornification is a distinct process of terminal differentiation and programmed cell death that epidermal keratinocytes go through. The creation of the outermost skin barrier is a result of cornification. An overview of the various types of cell death and their mechanisms is provided in this review paper.

Small-scale fishers are considered as one of the most vulnerable communities in Bangladesh but very few studies focused on the livelihood sustainability and vulnerabilities of this professional group. A fieldwork in lower Padma and upper Meghna hilsa sanctuaries identifies different livelihood characters and associated vulnerabilities of the fishers. A conceptual framework known as Sustainable Livelihood Approaches (SLA) has been introduced to analyses the qualitative and quantitative data. The insights of the livelihood strategies provide on small-scale fishers and fisheries management have been explained and explored. Fishers are found solely dependent on fishing, economically insolvent and neglected. In addition, some socio-economic abstractions such as low income, credit insolvency, lack of substitute earning flexibility make them more vulnerable. A number of effective suggestions are elicited from fishers’ perceptions, the implementation of which is crucial to ensure livelihood sustainability of the small-scale fishers.