Background and Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuronal loss, commonly linked to amyloid‐β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Recent research highlights the gut microbiota as a key player in modulating neuroinflammation, a critical pathological feature of AD. Understanding the role of the gut microbiota in this process is essential for uncovering new therapeutic avenues and gaining deeper insights into AD pathogenesis.Methods: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how gut microbiota influences neuroinflammation and glial cell function in AD. A systematic literature search was conducted, covering studies from 2014 to 2024, including reviews, clinical trials, and animal studies. Keywords such as “gut microbiota,” “Alzheimer's disease,” “neuroinflammation,” and “blood–brain barrier” were used.Results: Dysbiosis, or the imbalance in gut microbiota composition, has been implicated in the modulation of key AD‐related mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter regulation. These disruptions may accelerate the onset and progression of AD. Additionally, therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, show promise in modulating AD pathology.Conclusions: The gut microbiota is a pivotal factor in AD pathogenesis, influencing neuroinflammation and disease progression. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in AD opens avenues for innovative diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies.

Many patients with COVID-19 experience increased arterial stiffness and abnormal cerebral hemodynamics. Although previous studies have explored the effects of cold environments on cardiovascular health and cerebral hemodynamics, there is still no research on the changes in cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics in sedentary female students recovering from COVID-19 while performing high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in cold environments. This study investigates the effects of 1 week of HIIT in a cold environment on cerebral hemodynamics and arterial stiffness (AS) in sedentary female college students, providing new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms in this specific context. Thirty-six participants were randomly divided into a control group (n = 12), a room temperature (RE) group (n = 12), and a cold environment (CE) group (n = 12). HIIT was performed for four 4-min running training sessions, with a 4-min interval between each training session, The training duration was 1 week, with a frequency of 2 sessions per day, while the control group did not undergo any training. After training, the AS in the CE group significantly decreased (p < 0.05), with an average reduction of 11% in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, showing a significantly greater improvement compared to the RE group and the control group (p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the RE group (p > 0.05). In the Y-Balance Tests (YBTs), the concentrations of cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin significantly increased (p < 0.05) during unilateral leg support tests in both the CE and RE groups, and the increase of CE group is greater than that of RE group. In contrast, in the control group, the concentrations of cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin significantly decreased during left leg support (p < 0.05). Our study found that performing HIIT in a cold environment not only effectively reduces AS in sedentary female college students after COVID-19, improves cardiovascular function, but also significantly enhances cerebral hemodynamics, helping them alleviate the negative impacts of post-COVID-19 sequelae and sedentary behavior on health. Future research should further explore the mechanisms by which sedentary behavior, post-COVID-19 recovery status, and adaptation to cold environments collectively influence cardiovascular function and cerebral hemodynamics, providing a more comprehensive understanding of these factors.

Context: Different studies on football players with fifth metatarsal stress fractures have found that hip internal rotation (HIR)range of motion is significantly reduced, while lateral forefoot pressure is significantly increased; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether HIR range of motion is related to lateral plantar pressure. Methods: The study included 120 college students (60 males and 60 females). HIR was measured using a smartphone inclinometer app in the prone position and a compass app in the supine position. Plantar pressure was assessed using the Gaitview AFA-50 system during standing and walking. Correlation analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0. Results: Among all subjects, HIR activity in the prone position was significantly negatively correlated with standing second through fourth metatarsophalangeal joints(MTPJ2-4), fifth metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ5), and midfoot (FM)pressures and significantly positively correlated with standing first toe (T1)pressure. During walking, there is a significant negative correlation between HIR in the prone position and MTPJ2-4, MTPJ5, FM, and lateral heel (LH). Similarly, in the supine position, HIR is significantly negatively correlated with MTPJ2-4, MTPJ5, FM, medial heel (MH), and LH. Conclusion: There is a significant negative correlation between HIR and lateral plantar pressure, indicating that reduced HIR is associated with increased lateral plantar pressure. Improving HIR through targeted rehabilitation may reduce lateral plantar pressure, offering new approaches for non-surgical treatment of little toe capsulitis and reducing the risk of fifth metatarsal stress fractures.

This study seeks to compare systemic variations in functional connectivity within core motor brain regions at rest between young male soccer players from the indigenous Tibetan population of the Tibetan Plateau and their counterparts from the Han population of the plains, to elucidate the intrinsic relationship between specific ethnic backgrounds and central nervous system hemodynamic phenotypes. This study recruited 44 male youth soccer players at the national second-tier level (23 native Tibetans from Tibet and 21 native Han Chinese from Harbin). Data collection occurred at a low altitude in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, roughly 150 m above sea level, with Tibetan subjects tested within 4 weeks of their migration from the plateau to the plains. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was employed to gather 8 min of resting cerebral hemodynamic data from the subjects. Utilizing oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO₂) as the principal indicator and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) as an ancillary indicator, we conducted a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to evaluate connectivity disparities among the prefrontal cortex, premotor and supplementary motor areas, and primary motor cortex, while rigorously controlling for systemic peripheral physiological covariates, including resting heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO₂). 1. Based on HbO₂ signals, in the Tibetan group, the PFC-PMC&SMA and PMC&SMA-M1 regions across the entire brain, as well as the PFC_L-PMC&SMA_L,PFC_R-PMC&SMA_L,PMC&SMA_L-PMC&SMA_R,PMC&SMA_L-M1_L, and PMC&SMA_L-M1_R regions in both hemispheres were significantly lower than those in the Han group; 2. Based on HbR signals, the Tibetan group showed higher functional connectivity strength than the Han group only in the PFC_R-PMC&SMA_R region. Han athletes exhibit strong functional connectivity patterns related to HbO₂, reflecting the classic patterns of brain remodeling in the prefrontal and motor regions resulting from long-term specialized training in a lowland environment with normal oxygen levels; In contrast, the pattern of widespread low HbO₂ connectivity accompanied by localized high HbR connectivity in Tibetan athletes may be associated with the underlying adaptive background of populations native to the plateau, theoretical brain energy-saving strategies involving low metabolism, and the characteristics of central hemodynamic fine-tuning during the period of de-adaptation following descent from the plateau.