Developments in computer-aided design and three-dimensional (3D) printing have revolutionized the workflow for orthodontic applications. The purpose of this review article is to provide information about 3D printer history and types, appliances manufactured using 3D printers, and new designs that can be used in different cases. Articles published between January 2010 and November 2020 were reviewed on PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Google academic resources, and 69 were identified as appropriate for the study. It was seen that bracket and archwires, nasoalveolar molding devices, orthognathic surgical splints, removable appliances, expansion appliances, clear aligner, retainers, auxiliary attachments, and working models can all be made with 3D printers. The 3D printer is now a technology that is easily accessible to orthodontists, increasing the production of different customizable appliances and promising a transition to a digital clinical workflow in the future.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different laser dose and force levels on the stability of orthodontic mini screws used for anchorage, by histomorphometric analyses. Background data: Low-level laser therapy speeds up blood flow, improves the mechanism of the revitalization processes, reduces the risk of infection, boosts metabolic activities, and accelerates the healing of the damaged tissue. Although there are many research studies about low-level laser therapy applications in a variety of areas, no investigations were found concerning mini screw stability using various laser dose levels with different force level applications. Methods: Seventeen New Zealand white rabbits were used. A total of 68 cylindrical, self-drilling orthodontic mini screws were threaded at the fibula. Experimental subjects were divided into six groups; force application was not performed in the first three groups, whereas 150 g of force was applied via nickel-titanium closed-coil springs placed between two mini screws in the other three groups. Measurements of the initial torque values (10 Ncm) were manipulated by a digital portable torque gauge. Various low-level laser doses were applied to the groups during the postoperative 10 days. After 4 weeks, bone-to-implant contact and cortical bone thickness were histomorphometrically analyzed. Results: In the 150 g force plus 20 J/cm ² dosage group, the highest bone-to-implant contact values were observed. ( p 0.05). Conclusions: Low-level laser therapy was noticed to induce the mini screw–bone contact area. Low-level laser therapy may be a supplementary treatment method to increase the stability of the orthodontic mini screw.

The experimental sample consisted of the lateral cephalograms of 40 patients who were treated with either TB appliance (n = 15), FRD (n = 15) or the untreated control ones. In treatment groups lateral cephalograms taken before therapy as initial records (T1) and at the completion of functional therapy (T2) were used. The control group comprised 10 children with untreated skeletal Class II malocclusions. The normality of distribution of continuous variables was tested by Shaphiro wilk test. Oneway ANOVA and LSD test in parametric; Kruskall Wallis and all pairwaise multible comparison tests in non-parametric samples were used for comparing differences among 3 groups. Results: Cephalometric analysis revealed that both TB and FRD appliances stimulated mandibular growth (P < 0.05) and no restriction was seen in maxilla in both groups (P > 0.05). The unwanted mandibular proclination was seen more in FRD group (P ≤ 0.001). Soft tissue didn't imitate the hard tissue (P > 0.05). Conclusion: FRD group produced skeletal effects as much as TB group in peak and post peak period of growth with still more mandibular incisor proclination....