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Chengri Ding
Urban Studies and Planning Program, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

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Original paper
Published: 06 August 2019 in The Annals of Regional Science
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This paper investigates whether and how regional industrial structure/concentration influences firm productivity. Based on the firm-level data from China, the paper estimates firm productivity with regional structure conditioning on agglomeration effects and concludes that regional industrial structure plays little role in firm’s output, but affects localization agglomeration, which in turn affects firm productivity. In other words, localization agglomeration is stronger in cities in which sectors are less dominated by a few large firms in their own sector. Our conclusions are robust to the classification of industries, intertemporal, and spatial dimensions of agglomeration externalities, alternative measures of regional industrial structure and agglomeration, and different spatial scales in which standard errors are clustered. An important policy implication of our findings is that China’s industrial policies favoring large firms may be harmful to local economic development in the long term.

ACS Style

Zhi Li; Chengri Ding; Yi Niu. Industrial structure and urban agglomeration: evidence from Chinese cities. The Annals of Regional Science 2019, 63, 191 -218.

AMA Style

Zhi Li, Chengri Ding, Yi Niu. Industrial structure and urban agglomeration: evidence from Chinese cities. The Annals of Regional Science. 2019; 63 (1):191-218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhi Li; Chengri Ding; Yi Niu. 2019. "Industrial structure and urban agglomeration: evidence from Chinese cities." The Annals of Regional Science 63, no. 1: 191-218.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2019 in Journal of Urban Management
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We develop a simple Cournot type, two-stage competition model that reveals that firms tend to reduce their R&D investment more in denser locations than in lesser ones with the presence of knowledge spillover. This implies that local agglomeration increases the negative impact of knowledge spillover on firms' R&D efforts. We then use high-tech, firm-level data from China to test our theoretical predictions. We develop a technological similarity index as a proxy for knowledge spillover and use total employment in the same two-digit Chinese Standard Industry Classification System industry as a proxy for localization agglomeration. Our Tobit model yields estimated results that are consistent with our predictions. That is, R&D effort is negatively correlated with knowledge spillover, and the magnitude of the negative relationship increases with localization agglomeration. These results are robust by different subsamples and different estimators. We also find evidence suggesting that cost-saving, rather than expropriation-avoidance, is the primary reason for firms’ R&D investment reduction with knowledge spillover.

ACS Style

Yu Qiao; Chengri Ding; Jianhua Liu. Localization, knowledge spillover, and R&D investment: Evidence of Chinese cities. Journal of Urban Management 2019, 8, 303 -315.

AMA Style

Yu Qiao, Chengri Ding, Jianhua Liu. Localization, knowledge spillover, and R&D investment: Evidence of Chinese cities. Journal of Urban Management. 2019; 8 (2):303-315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Qiao; Chengri Ding; Jianhua Liu. 2019. "Localization, knowledge spillover, and R&D investment: Evidence of Chinese cities." Journal of Urban Management 8, no. 2: 303-315.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2019 in Global Journal of Human-Social Science
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This paper discusses land issues and attempts to explain why they are persistent and prevalent in Chinese cities. We will demonstrate that the factors behind the land issues include land institution setting, gradualism in reforms, ill-designed policy instruments, one-size-fits-all approaches to land management, a fragmented planning system, and development objectives that are conflicting among themselves at the national level. We then discuss land policy challenges and unfinished reforms that deserve attention. Land reforms underscore the balancing act required between the concerns about the protection of property rights and public interests. They were meant to address the entitlement question of unearned land value increments, minimize social welfare lossesin farmland protection, and add planning/policy flexibility to cope with future development uncertainty. Finally, we illustrate the challenges in policy choices and the importance of the political will/determination of top leaders at all levels of government in undertaking radical and fundamental land policy reforms. Political will/determination would be critical in land policy reforms because leaders will face rising political resistance and huge socioeconomic costs.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Kunzi Cao; Weixing Gao. Urban Land Issues and Policy Challenges in China’s Rapid Urbanization. Global Journal of Human-Social Science 2019, 49 -61.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Kunzi Cao, Weixing Gao. Urban Land Issues and Policy Challenges in China’s Rapid Urbanization. Global Journal of Human-Social Science. 2019; ():49-61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Kunzi Cao; Weixing Gao. 2019. "Urban Land Issues and Policy Challenges in China’s Rapid Urbanization." Global Journal of Human-Social Science , no. : 49-61.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2018 in Regional Science and Urban Economics
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This paper investigates the selection effects of market size on firm productivity by using firm-level data on Chinese manufacturing industries for the period 1998–2007. China's provinces are an appropriate proxy for market size due to local (provincial) protectionism, which creates fragmented domestic markets. The estimated results using a quantile approach show significant selection effects for 15 out of 29 sectors. We find that provinces above the median employment density weed out approximately two to eight percent more firms than those below the median density. Further, the sectors with stronger local protections tend to exhibit greater selection effects. We also find that firm selection effects are robust with respect to alternative productivity estimates, grouping criteria, and spatial units, but can be different across types of firms and may suffer from downward bias due to the noise in productivity estimates and the exclusion of small firms.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Yi Niu. Market size, competition, and firm productivity for manufacturing in China. Regional Science and Urban Economics 2018, 74, 81 -98.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Yi Niu. Market size, competition, and firm productivity for manufacturing in China. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 2018; 74 ():81-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Yi Niu. 2018. "Market size, competition, and firm productivity for manufacturing in China." Regional Science and Urban Economics 74, no. : 81-98.

Research article
Published: 02 March 2017 in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
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ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Zhi Li. Size and urban growth of Chinese cities during the era of transformation toward a market economy. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2017, 46, 27 -46.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Zhi Li. Size and urban growth of Chinese cities during the era of transformation toward a market economy. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2017; 46 (1):27-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Zhi Li. 2017. "Size and urban growth of Chinese cities during the era of transformation toward a market economy." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 1: 27-46.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in China Economic Review
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ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Yi Niu; Erik Lichtenberg. Spending preferences of local officials with off-budget land revenues of Chinese cities. China Economic Review 2014, 31, 265 -276.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Yi Niu, Erik Lichtenberg. Spending preferences of local officials with off-budget land revenues of Chinese cities. China Economic Review. 2014; 31 ():265-276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Yi Niu; Erik Lichtenberg. 2014. "Spending preferences of local officials with off-budget land revenues of Chinese cities." China Economic Review 31, no. : 265-276.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2014 in Land Use Policy
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The paper first examines urban spatial patterns of the gradients of housing and land prices and land development intensity, and then tests the relationship between the land price gradient and housing price gradient. Urban theory predicts the former is steeper than the latter based on the notion of derived demand for land from the provision of housing services. Finally the paper examines the impact of the property of housing production function on urban spatial structure. For the property of housing production function, we are particularly interested in the elasticity of capital-land substitution. The paper concludes (1) market influences over spatial structure, (2) the derived demand for land, and (3) it is the actual (or expected) housing price increases that cause skyrocketing land prices, not the other way around.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Xingshuo Zhao. Land market, land development and urban spatial structure in Beijing. Land Use Policy 2014, 40, 83 -90.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Xingshuo Zhao. Land market, land development and urban spatial structure in Beijing. Land Use Policy. 2014; 40 ():83-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Xingshuo Zhao. 2014. "Land market, land development and urban spatial structure in Beijing." Land Use Policy 40, no. : 83-90.

Research article
Published: 19 July 2012 in Urban Studies
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‘New Geographical Economy’ suggests an inverted-U-shaped relationship between transport costs and regional economic concentration. By using data on Chinese prefectures, this paper examines the relationship between transport development and economic concentration, to investigate the ‘point effect’ and ‘network effect’ of transport stocks and to gauge their relative magnitudes. The paper concludes the following: the development of urban roads leads to rising GDP shares in the city-proper for both manufacturing and service industries; major regional roads have the same effect. A ‘point effect’ is found for both urban roads and major regional roads in GDPs. There are spillover effects for both urban roads and major regional roads. Finally, different types of transport infrastructure have different economic impacts. The policy implication is that the urban–rural economic growth gap is likely to continue to increase with urban and regional transport development during the rapid urbanisation concurrently undertaken.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding. Transport Development, Regional Concentration and Economic Growth. Urban Studies 2012, 50, 312 -328.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding. Transport Development, Regional Concentration and Economic Growth. Urban Studies. 2012; 50 (2):312-328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding. 2012. "Transport Development, Regional Concentration and Economic Growth." Urban Studies 50, no. 2: 312-328.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in Journal of Urban Management
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Previous studies on traffic congestion have emphasized supply-side instruments, such as the expansion of road capacity and improving the management of traffic. However, researchers on transportation have identified several paradoxes in which the usual remedy for congestion—expanding the road system—is ineffective or even counterproductive. This paper presents three paradoxes of traffic flow in their general form and provides economic solutions to overcome them, with an emphasis on demand-side policies by examining the behavior of commuters and using pricing mechanisms.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Shunfeng Song. Traffic Paradoxes and Economic Solutions. Journal of Urban Management 2012, 1, 63 -76.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Shunfeng Song. Traffic Paradoxes and Economic Solutions. Journal of Urban Management. 2012; 1 (1):63-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Shunfeng Song. 2012. "Traffic Paradoxes and Economic Solutions." Journal of Urban Management 1, no. 1: 63-76.

Book
Published: 15 December 2011 in Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality
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This article examines urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and mainland China (China), which share similar features of urbanization. It describes urbanization and urban growth, examines urbanization patterns, and looks at the extent to which are they linked to economic growth during rapid urbanization periods. Japan and South Korea experienced rapid urbanization in the second half of the twentieth century while China is currently in the era of rapid urbanization. Following this, the article presents policy and planning efforts in managing urbanization and urban growth, looking into the kinds of policy instruments introduced to manage urbanization at national and local levels. Finally, it deals with the assessment of these policy and planning efforts to appraise their effectiveness and draw out lessons learnt from them.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Xingshuo Zhao. Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality. Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality 2011, 1 .

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Xingshuo Zhao. Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality. Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality. 2011; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Xingshuo Zhao. 2011. "Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality." Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2011 in The Chinese Economy
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The enormous success of the Chinese economy has caused remarkable urban spatial expansion, resulting in new urban forms and reshaped city profiles. This article assesses emerging urban spatial forms that are prevalent and sizable enough to have a substantial impact on transportation, the environment, and urban sustainability. Special economic zones (SEZs), university towns, central business districts (CBDs), and mixed land development in terms of urban agglomeration, transportation, and land use externality are examined. It is concluded that efficient gains would be significant if SEZs are integrated with each other as well as with the city proper, university towns are developed to accommodate no more than a couple of colleges, and CBDs are concentrated with high-value activities. It is further concluded that mixed land use may not be an appropriate policy instrument to promote smart growth in Chinese cities because of the high degree of existing mixed land-use patterns.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Xingshuo Zhao. Assessment of Urban Spatial-Growth Patterns in China During Rapid Urbanization. The Chinese Economy 2011, 44, 46 -71.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Xingshuo Zhao. Assessment of Urban Spatial-Growth Patterns in China During Rapid Urbanization. The Chinese Economy. 2011; 44 (1):46-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Xingshuo Zhao. 2011. "Assessment of Urban Spatial-Growth Patterns in China During Rapid Urbanization." The Chinese Economy 44, no. 1: 46-71.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2010 in Journal of Regional Science
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Land to accommodate urban development in China is provided through requisitions by government officials, suggesting that land availability may be a constraint on urban economic growth. An econometric model of urban GDP growth suggests that land has constrained economic growth in coastal areas but not elsewhere. Elasticities calculated from the estimated coefficients indicate that land availability has a larger proportional impact on economic growth than domestic and foreign investment, labor supply, and government spending. The estimated parameters provide evidence about arbitrage opportunities created by discrepancies between urban land value and compensation for requisitioned rural land, suggesting rural unrest associated with conversion of farmland to urban uses may have some economic roots.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Erik Lichtenberg. LAND AND URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA*. Journal of Regional Science 2010, 51, 299 -317.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Erik Lichtenberg. LAND AND URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA*. Journal of Regional Science. 2010; 51 (2):299-317.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Erik Lichtenberg. 2010. "LAND AND URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA*." Journal of Regional Science 51, no. 2: 299-317.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2009 in Sustainability
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This paper investigates the linkage between emerging urban spatial development and institutional arrangements in China. Emerging spatial patterns, which are prevalent and sizable so that any impacts will be substantial, include dispersed employment concentration, fragmented land development, over-scaled land development, leapfrogging development, and whack-a-mole development. From the institutional point of view, these patterns are associated with decentralization, fiscal incentives for local government, land regulations, and fragmented planning system. It is concluded that these emerging spatial patterns significantly affect long term city sustainable growth and comprehensive reforms are needed to promote efficient urban spatial forms. It is further concluded that labor division between planning and markets should be reshaped in determining urban spatial growth by shifting planning to focus on zoning that provides sufficient development room in a long term and making markets to decide the timing of land development.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding. Policy and Planning Challenges to Promote Efficient Urban Spatial Development during the Emerging Rapid Transformation in China. Sustainability 2009, 1, 384 -408.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding. Policy and Planning Challenges to Promote Efficient Urban Spatial Development during the Emerging Rapid Transformation in China. Sustainability. 2009; 1 (3):384-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding. 2009. "Policy and Planning Challenges to Promote Efficient Urban Spatial Development during the Emerging Rapid Transformation in China." Sustainability 1, no. 3: 384-408.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2008 in Urban Studies
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In the era of China's economic growth and urbanisation, providing adequate and affordable housing for rural—urban migrants in urban areas is crucial for the success of China's multifaceted reforms. Yet the urban housing provision system has overlooked the needs of rural migrants since the reforms. Urbanising villages, a unique product of China's urbanisation and land reform, provide affordable housing for rural migrants. However, these urbanising villages are rejected by policy-makers due to their associated social and environment problems. In this paper, a multinomial logit model of housing type choice is adopted, in which people choose from a number of mutually exclusive housing types. Regression results indicate that rural migrants are shunned by the urban housing market. It is argued that, without accompanying programmes that include rural migrants in the urban housing market, policies that focus on demolishing urbanising villages could be misguided.

ACS Style

Yan Song; Yves Zenou; Chengri Ding. Let's Not Throw the Baby Out with the Bath Water: The Role of Urban Villages in Housing Rural Migrants in China. Urban Studies 2008, 45, 313 -330.

AMA Style

Yan Song, Yves Zenou, Chengri Ding. Let's Not Throw the Baby Out with the Bath Water: The Role of Urban Villages in Housing Rural Migrants in China. Urban Studies. 2008; 45 (2):313-330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Song; Yves Zenou; Chengri Ding. 2008. "Let's Not Throw the Baby Out with the Bath Water: The Role of Urban Villages in Housing Rural Migrants in China." Urban Studies 45, no. 2: 313-330.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2008
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This paper utilizes a unique county-level dataset to examine technical efficiency and technology gap in China’s agriculture. We classify the counties into four regions with distinctive levels of economic development, and hence production technologies. A meta-frontier analysis is applied to the counties. We find that although the eastern counties have the highest efficiency scores with respect to the regional frontier but the northeastern region leads in terms of agricultural production technology nationwide. Meanwhile, the mean efficiency of the northeastern counties is particularly low, suggesting technology and knowledge diffusion within region might help to improve production efficiency and thus output.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding; Shunfeng Song; Yiling Zhang. Paradoxes of Traffic Flow and Economics of Congestion Pricing. 2008, 1 .

AMA Style

Chengri Ding, Shunfeng Song, Yiling Zhang. Paradoxes of Traffic Flow and Economics of Congestion Pricing. . 2008; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding; Shunfeng Song; Yiling Zhang. 2008. "Paradoxes of Traffic Flow and Economics of Congestion Pricing." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2007 in Land Use Policy
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Land acquisition is the primary means used by governments to meet increasing land demand driven by rapid economic and urban growth in China. Since development is prohibited on non-state-owned land, land acquisition in which landownership is converted from collective communes to the state shall take place prior to any land construction. This paper reviews institutional structure governing land acquisition in pre- and post-reform eras and examines consequences and impacts associated with or derived from land acquisition. It is concluded that land acquisition (1) has been used heavily by local governments to fuel urban development and finance infrastructure provision and (2) has resulted in increasing social tension and injustice that may impose a long-term threat to stability and sustainable development.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding. Policy and praxis of land acquisition in China. Land Use Policy 2007, 24, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding. Policy and praxis of land acquisition in China. Land Use Policy. 2007; 24 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding. 2007. "Policy and praxis of land acquisition in China." Land Use Policy 24, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2004 in Urban Studies
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This paper examines the characteristics of urban spatial development in Beijing and identifies the extent to which these characteristics can be attributed to the emerging land market in Beijing as well as the impact of land policy reform. Based on the observations of land use rights granted from 1993 to the first half of 2000 in the built-up area of Beijing, empirical analyses illustrate that both land prices and land development density decrease with distance to the city core. It further provides evidence that the slope of the land rent curve also depends on land use types. This leads to the conclusion that the land market influences land development decisions and urban form. Finally, it shows that the slope of the land rent curve and the elasticity of land-capital substitution change over time. The former declines, as expected. This is because Beijing's massive investments in transport have reduced transport costs, which in turn has shifted the land rent curve. The latter rises, implying the price effect on land development density. Both changes—in land rent function and the elasticity of land-capital substitution-point to the maturing of the Beijing land market. It should be mentioned that there are enormous land developments outside the land market (land development on administratively allocated land). These developments can significantly distort urban land use patterns portrayed through this study.

ACS Style

Chengri Ding. Urban Spatial Development in the Land Policy Reform Era: Evidence from Beijing. Urban Studies 2004, 41, 1889 -1907.

AMA Style

Chengri Ding. Urban Spatial Development in the Land Policy Reform Era: Evidence from Beijing. Urban Studies. 2004; 41 (10):1889-1907.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengri Ding. 2004. "Urban Spatial Development in the Land Policy Reform Era: Evidence from Beijing." Urban Studies 41, no. 10: 1889-1907.