The rapid proliferation of smart devices in Internet of Things (IoT) networks has amplified the security challenges associated with device communications. To address these challenges in 5G-enabled IoT networks, this paper proposes a multi-level blockchain security architecture that simplifies implementation while bolstering network security. The architecture leverages an adaptive clustering approach based on Evolutionary Adaptive Swarm Intelligent Sparrow Search (EASISS) for efficient organization of heterogeneous IoT networks. Cluster heads (CH) are selected to manage local authentication and permissions, reducing overhead and latency by minimizing communication distances between CHs and IoT devices. To implement network changes such as node addition, relocation, and deletion, the Network Efficient Whale Optimization (NEWO) algorithm is employed. A localized private blockchain structure facilitates communication between CHs and base stations, providing an authentication mechanism that enhances security and trustworthiness. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed clustering algorithm compared to existing methodologies. Overall, the lightweight blockchain approach presented in this study strikes a superior balance between network latency and throughput when compared to conventional global blockchain systems. Further analysis of system under test (SUT) behavior was accomplished by running many benchmark rounds at varying transaction sending speeds. Maximum, median, and lowest transaction delays and throughput were measured by generating 1000 transactions for each benchmark. Transactions per second (TPS) rates varied between 20 and 500. Maximum delay rose when throughput reached 100 TPS, while minimum latency maintained a value below 1 s.

In this manuscript, plasmonic nano patch antenna on the graphene material is designed and analyzed. The conductivity of the graphene material is modeled using Kubo conductivity formula and it is tuned using chemical potential of graphene. Further, analysis of Drude dispersive model for the graphene matrial exhibits negative real permittivity which is the required criterion for the plasmonic resonance. The designed graphene nano patch antenna provides a gain of 3.52 dB at 30 THz frequency which is suitable for terahertz communication. It is demonstrated that the graphene nano patch antenna resonates at multiple frequencies by varying the chemical potential and three resonating frequencies 30, 115, 176 THz with good characteristics are observed at 1.3 eV chemical potential. The gain of the graphene nano patch antenna is enhanced approximately three times by changing the shape of the patch from square to L-shape.

The body area networks (BAN) structure is one of the advancements in health monitoring innovations and the sharp rise in healthcare demand. With the help of a network of constantly running sensors, BAN technology aims to monitor vital physiological and physical features like accessibility, respiration, and blood sugar levels. The achievement of BAN technology depends on wireless communication since it gives the user flexibility and versatility. Most BAN solutions have effectively employed radio frequency (RF) wireless technology, although these systems are battery-intensive, prone to electromagnetic interference, and have security weaknesses. The human body is the signal transmission medium in the alternative wireless communication technology called human body communication (HBC). HBC possesses traits that could logically deal with the problems with RF for wireless body area networks (WBAN) technology. This overview looks at the ongoing research in this field and highlights the principles of the HBC, the most recent studies of HBC, human body coupling approaches, the designs of HBC transceivers, and the unresolved research issues. HBC provides promising future possibilities for making WBAN technologies more useful.