In the serviced components of a 7075 aluminum alloy, the propagation of fatigue crack can be retarded because of the overload effect; however, the corresponding retardation mechanisms are complex. To provide further insights into the retardation mechanisms of 7075 aluminum alloys, this study addresses the crack tip damage response of a cracked 7075 aluminum alloy under an overload effect. Based on the dual-scale modeling approach and the damage-coupled crystal plasticity model, the effect of the microstructure of a 7075 aluminum alloy on the damage behavior ahead of the crack tip under an overload was studied. The factors affecting fatigue damage accumulation ahead of the crack tip, such as dislocation density, the variation in the activities of slip systems, and the orientation effect of the nearest neighbor grains, are described. The results show that for the 7075 aluminum alloy, the compressive residual stress induced by the overload effect not only decreases the number of activated slip systems, but also lowers the rate of increase in dislocation density. This causes a decrease in fatigue damage accumulation during deformation. Moreover, the overload effect decreases the slip system activity as well as the resultant plastic slip; however, the decrease in plastic slip varies with the grain orientation, indicating that the overload effect depends on the grain orientation. It can also be found that both the damage strain energy release rate and lattice strain are influenced by the orientation of the nearest neighbor grains, which can eventually affect the overload effect. These findings contribute to understanding the retardation mechanisms from a microscopic perspective and provide guidance on improving the material design of a 7075 aluminum alloy to some extent.