Integrins are a large group of cell-surface proteins that are classified as transmembrane proteins. Integrins are classified into different types based on sequence variations, leading to structural and functional diversity. They are broadly distributed in animals and have a wide range of biological functions such as cell-to-cell communication, intracellular cytoskeleton organization, cellular signaling, immune responses, etc. Integrins are among the most abundant cell surface proteins in insects, exhibiting their indispensability in insect physiology. Because of their critical biological involvement in physiological processes, they appear to be a novel target for designing effective pest control strategies. In the current literature review, we first discuss the discovery and expression responses of integrins against various types of pathogens. Secondly, we examine the specific biological roles of integrins in controlling microbial pathogens, such as phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodulation, immune signaling, and so on. Finally, we describe the possible uses of integrins to control agricultural insect pests.

Woodpeckers exhibit selectivity when choosing tree cavities for nest development in forest ecosystems, and fungi play a significant and important role in this ecological process. Therefore, there is a complex and intricate relationship between the various behaviors of woodpeckers and the occurrence of fungal species. Research into the complex bond between fungi and woodpeckers was undertaken to provide more information about this remarkable ecological relationship. Through the process of line transect sampling, woodpecker traces were searched for, and mist nets were set up to capture them. A total of 21 woodpeckers belonging to four species were captured. High-throughput sequencing of the ITS region was performed on fungal-conserved samples to enable an in-depth analysis of the fungal communities linked to the woodpeckers’ nests. Members of Ascomycota were the most abundant in the samples, accounting for 91.96% of the total, demonstrating the importance of this group in the forest ecosystem of this station. The statistical results indicate significant differences in the fungal diversity carried by woodpeckers among the different groups. Species of Cladosporium were found to be the most prevalent of all the detected fungal genera, accounting for 49.3%. The top 15 most abundant genera were Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Beauveria, Epicococcum, Hypoxylon, Penicillium, Nigrospora, Aspergillus, Oidiodendron, Cercospora, Talaromyces, Phialemo-nium, Petriella, Cordyceps, and Sistotrema. The standard Bray–Curtis statistical technique was used in a hierarchical clustering analysis to compute inter-sample distances, allowing for the identification of patterns and correlations within the dataset. We discovered that in the grouped samples from woodpeckers, there were differences in the diversity of fungal communities carried by four woodpecker species, but the less dominant fungal species were still similar. The findings highlight the need to consider these diverse ecological linkages in woodpecker research and conservation efforts.

Background: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a highly contagious viral illness affecting cattle, characterized by cutaneous nodules and systemic consequences. While traditionally prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, recent occurrences in Egypt and Israel have raised concerns. The disease's transmission dynamics and impact in Southeast Asia, particularly its emergence in 2020, are the focus of this study. Methods: Utilizing data from the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), a project of the World Organization for Animal Health (WOH), this study examines LSD outbreaks in Southeast Asia between October 2020 and October 2021. Descriptive statistics, illness maps, clustering, and epidemiological curves were employed to analyze the spread of the disease. Results: During the studied period, 866 LSD outbreaks were documented across Southeast Asian nations, involving 1,758,923 sensitive cattle, 93,465 cases, and 5,936 fatalities. Livestock were also affected (1,117 cases). The epidemic displayed rapid dissemination, with four significant peaks observed in Thailand and Vietnam. The Thai region emerged as the apparent epicenter, raising questions about potential reporting bias or underreporting by other Southeast Asian countries. Epidemiological Groups: The study identified three distinct epidemic groups, with the Thai region serving as the epicenter. High disease and mortality rates were particularly noted in Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia, contributing to the widespread impact of the epidemic. Conclusion: This research underscores the swift spread of LSD in Southeast Asia, with Thailand and Vietnam experiencing significant peaks. The identification of the Thai region as the epicenter raises concerns about reporting consistency among countries. The study provides valuable insights into the epidemiological patterns of LSD transmission in the region, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts to manage and control the disease effectively.

Peste des petits ruminants has been officially designated as a Category “A” disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH/founded as OIE) in their list of notifiable animal diseases. This viral disease is characterized by its severe contagiousness and mostly strikes goats and sheep, leading to significant global economic losses estimated at 1.4–2.10 billion US dollars. An eradication program has been launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health to eliminate this disease by 2030. In order to enhance information of the disease's consequence on tissue integrity, this systematic review tries to assess the histopathological variations related to PPR in infected small ruminants among different organ systems. To get papers published before October 2023, a detailed literature search was held out utilizing databases like Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science in accord with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) principles. Exclusion criteria included research articles that lacked relevant data and were not peer-reviewed, while inclusion criteria included studies that detailed histopathological changes in goats and sheep with PPR. Data extraction was standardised by applying a consistent and uniform procedure throughout several investigations, guaranteeing that the information acquired is comparable and credible. Information were the authors and publication year, research methodology and histopathological results linked to PPR, factors influencing these outcomes (including treatment type, immunisation technique, and time post-infection), and the authors' conclusions and recommendations. Numerous organ systems, including the respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, excretory, circulatory, neurological, and glandular systems, showed notable histological alterations, with conspicuous lesions such as necrosis, congestion, infiltrations and lymphoid depletion along with that histopathology of PPR varies depending on a number of criteria, encompassing the type of therapy, the immunisation technique (experimental vaccine), and the duration of the disease (induced). We found that research on the initial infection site is misguided; histopathological examinations reveal tonsillar tissue and lymph nodes as primary sites for virus replication, not epithelial cells of respiratory mucosa. Immune cells absorb virus, carry it to lymphoid tissues, and release it into the bloodstream. Since some types of pneumonia that affect small ruminants are usually asymptomatic and only identified during histopathology, the main objective of this systematic analysis was to evaluate the histopathological alterations linked to Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in order to emphasize the significance of histopathological diagnostic techniques in veterinary medicine. Additionally, it draws attention to the necessity for more investigation into the subtle histological findings in the heart as well as the effects of immunisation routes on disease pathology. This study ultimately advances our knowledge of the intricate pathophysiology of PPR and aids in the continued attempts to eradicate it by 2030.

Tamias Sibiricus is the only member of the genus Tamias, a significant and vigorous seed distributor and vital food for their predators. No information is known about the strict diet, gut microbiota structure, and metabolism profile of chipmunks and how they diversify seasonally. The above factors, as well as flexibility toward seasonal shifts, are critical in defining its growth rates, health, survivorship, and population stability. This study explored the diet, gut microbiota composition, and chipmunk metabolism. Additionally, the influence of different seasons was also investigated by using next-generation sequencing. Results revealed that seasons strongly affected a diet: streptophyte accounted for 37% in spring, which was lower than in summer (34.3%) and autumn (31.4%). Further, Ascomycota was observed at 43.8% in spring, which reduced to 36.6% in summer and the lowest (31.3%) in autumn. Whereas, nematodes showed maximum abundance from spring (15.8%) to summer (20.6%) and autumn (24.1%). These results signify the insectivorous nature of the chipmunk in summer and autumn. While herbivorous and fungivorous nature in spring. The DNA analysis revealed that chipmunk mainly feeds on fungi, including Aspergillus and Penicillium genus. Similar to diet composition, the microbiome also exhibited highly significant dissimilarity (p < 0.001, R = 0.235) between spring/autumn and spring/summer seasons. Proteobacteria (35.45%), Firmicutes (26.7%), and Bacteroidetes (23.59%) were shown to be the better discriminators as they contributed the most to causing differences between seasons. Moreover, PICRUSt showed that the assimilation of nutrients were also varied seasonally. The abundance of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, xenobiotics, energy, terpenoids, and polyketides metabolism was higher in spring than in other seasons. Our study illustrates that seasonal reconstruction in the chipmunk diet has a significant role in shaping temporal variations in gut microbial community structure and metabolism profile.