Mobile data traffic has grown substantially owing to the widespread use of data-hungry devices such as smart handsets and laptops. This has encouraged researchers and system designers to develop more efficient network designs. The authors review the technologies that can support speeds of multiple Gbps for future fifth-generation (5G) networks. They examine the many challenges, problems, and questions that arise in the research and design stage, and conclude that the anticipated high-traffic demands and low-latency requirements stemming from the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications can be met only with radical changes to the network paradigm. These include harnessing the millimeter-wave band for the dense deployment of small cells. Future wireless systems will include myriad smart features and applications to make 5G the most intelligent and dominant wireless technology thus far.

Inter cell interference (ICI) is a major challenge that degrades the performance of mobile systems, particularly for cell-edge users. This problem arises significantly in the next-generation system, as the trend of deployment is with high densification, which yields an ultra-dense network (UDN). One of the challenges in UDN is the dramatic increase of ICI from surrounding cells. A common technique to minimize ICI is interference coordination techniques. In this context, the most efficient ICI coordination is fractional frequency reuse (FFR). This paper investigates the FFR in UDN millimeter wave network at 26-GHz band. The focus is on dense network with short inter site distance, and higher order sectorisation (HOS). The metrics used in frequency reuse is the signal to interference plus noise ratio rather than the distance, as the line of sight in millimeter wave can be easily blocked by obstacles even if they are in close proximity to the serving base station. This paper shows that FFR can improve the network performance in terms of per user cell-edge data throughput and average cell throughput, and maintain the peak data throughput at a certain threshold. Furthermore, HOS has a potential gain over default sectored cells when the interference is carefully coordinated. The results show optimal values for bandwidth split per each scenario in FFR scheme to give the best tradeoff between inner and outer zone users performance.

The fifth Generation (5G) network will provide services with extreme data rate and latency demands compared to current cellular networks, and provide massive capacity and connectivity to multitude of devices with diverse requirements and applications. In this paper, dense deployment of small cells in high carrier frequency is considered as the theme of future 5G network. Network densification depicted in this work includes densification over the frequency by the adoption of wider bandwidth in the millimetre wave band, and densification over the space through higher number of antennas, higher sectorisation order, and dense deployment of small cells. The reference signal received power (RSRP) and quality (RSRQ), and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) have been considered as the metrics for the design evaluation. Our results show that network densification has significant importance in improving data rate to meet 5G vision. And that dense deployment of small cells has better performance over higher sectorisation order, due to the higher line of site coverage and lower interference in the former case. In addition, the results show that densification in term of increasing the antennas is also vital to enable spatial multiplexing through multiinput-multi-output and enable beamforming to improve SINR, which eventually improve the data rate. Foliage loss and rain at millimetre wave bands are significant, and therefore, their impact has been evaluated as well.

One of the challenges of Fifth Generation (5G) networks is how to support massive number of wireless devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will interconnect billions of devices under machine-to-machine communication links (M2M). However, this massive connectivity will create burden on the cellular network. Fixed sensors and wearable devices are expected to make the majority of future IoT traffic. And scheduling their huge traffic is the scope of this work. Sensors mobility has been considered with three speed, namely zero speed sensors (fixed), and medium and high speed of 30 and 100kmph, to simulate sensors in vehicles, and model the impact of vehicle mobility on the M2M links. This work defines the dimensionality in terms of the number of M2M devices that can be successfully connected, the required bandwidth, sensors mobility, and the transmission mode used. The mutual use of multi antennas, dense deployment of small cells, and the adoption of millimetre wave band, particularly in the 28GHz have been considered as the key enabling technologies to address the massive traffic generated by IoT. An algorithm has been set to schedule this type of traffic and to show whether the M2M devices completed their traffic upload or failed to reach the margin.

In this work, the distributed base station (DBS) with remote radio head (RRH) is considered as the envisioned architecture of the fifth generation (5G) network. DBS network architecture supports easier scalability for network expansions using remote antennas in the form of RRHs. RRHs have been used in this work in order to compensate for the high path loss and penetration loss that characterise millimetre wave (mmWave) communications. The band of interest is the pioneer band at 26 GHz, which has been recently released for 5G services focused on areas of high traffic demand in the UK. DBS architecture can minimise the number of base stations required for the same quality of service (QoS). An algorithm has been developed for DBS scheduling. In addition to that, the gain of using DBS has been demonstrated in terms of: increasing the user data throughput, decreasing the unnecessary handovers as a result of dense network deployment, increasing the coverage probability in terms of line‐of‐sight (LoS) coverage, and minimising the impact of shadow fading. The results have shown significant improvement in terms of peak, average, and cell‐edge data throughput, and the LoS coverage probability has been improved due to the spatial distribution of RRHs.