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A disc filter (DF) is an important component in a micro irrigation system. However, it has a high head loss and low filtration efficiency, which can lead to the inoperability of micro irrigation systems. To improve the filtration ability and to decrease the pressure loss of the irrigation system, it is necessary to internalize the hydraulic characteristics of DFs. In this study, the filter bed of a DF was divided into three parts, i.e., upper, middle, and lower, which were wrapped with a transparent film. The wrapped part was completely blocked. The purpose was to analyze the hydraulic characteristics of different clogged conditions in three types of filters under four types of flows. In addition, we attempted to simulate the filter operation process with computational fluid dynamics, based on two aspects—a macroscopic model and a simplified model. The results showed that the patterns of head loss among all of the DFs was consistent, and the macroscopic model that treated filter bed as a porous medium could express the measured results. The macroscopic models observed that there was a circular flow in the DF, and the flow velocity presented a symmetrical distribution in a horizontal direction. The middle of the filter element appeared in a high-pressure area and demonstrated the highest head loss, which may be the main flow area of the DF, and the inner flow characteristics of the DF were consistent under different conditions. The simplified models showed that the main flow area is near the filter bed in the inner DF, and the flow is tangent to the filter bed between 45 and 90 degrees in a horizontal direction. The uneven distribution of velocity and pressure on the filter bed might be necessary factors to impact filter efficiency.
Yanbing Chi; Peiling Yang; Zixuan Ma; Haiying Wang; Yuxuan Liu; Bingbing Jiang; Zongguang Hu. The Study on Internal Flow Characteristics of Disc Filter under Different Working Condition. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7715 .
AMA StyleYanbing Chi, Peiling Yang, Zixuan Ma, Haiying Wang, Yuxuan Liu, Bingbing Jiang, Zongguang Hu. The Study on Internal Flow Characteristics of Disc Filter under Different Working Condition. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanbing Chi; Peiling Yang; Zixuan Ma; Haiying Wang; Yuxuan Liu; Bingbing Jiang; Zongguang Hu. 2021. "The Study on Internal Flow Characteristics of Disc Filter under Different Working Condition." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7715.
Food consumption is closely associated with resource consumption and environmental sustainability. An unreasonable dietary pattern would cause great pressure or damage to resources and the environment. It is particularly important to reduce the negative impact of household food consumption on resources and the environment while simultaneously ensuring people’s nutrient intake and health. This study applied the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database to quantitatively study the spatial-temporal analysis of multiple footprints of household food consumption at multiple scales and explored the driving mechanism of the multiple footprints. The results showed that, except land footprint (LF), the other four types of footprints all decreased at varying degrees; the water footprint (WF), carbon footprint (CF), nitrogen footprint (NF) and energy footprint (EF) decreased by 18.24%, 17.82%, 12.03% and 20.36%, respectively, from 2000 to 2011; multiple footprints of food consumption of household in Guizhou was the highest among the 12 provinces involved in the study; this shows that resource consumption (water, energy and land resource) and environmental influences (CO2 emissions and nitrogen emissions) brought by food consumption of per household in Guizhou are much greater than in other provinces, which has a negative influence on sustainable development; by analyzing the driving factors of multiple footprints, it is shown that nutrient intake, household attributes, educational level and health conditions were significantly correlated to multiple footprints. Among them, nutrient intake has greater impact on the multiple footprints of Chinese household food consumption. By comparing multiple footprints of different dietary patterns, it was found that the current Chinese dietary pattern would cause excessive resource consumption, which would bring more pressure on resources and the environment. Adjusting household living habits would possibly reverse the unsustainable situation, such as reducing the consumption of animal-derived foods and adjusting the dietary pattern of households with a higher educational level and income status. Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 has better sustainability; the promotion of this dietary pattern across the country would help China to relieve the pressure on resources and environment from the consumer side, promoting the realization of sustainable development.
Yanling Long; Runzhi Hu; Tuo Yin; Pengxiang Wang; Jiamin Liu; Tahir Muhammad; Xiuzhi Chen; Yunkai Li. Spatial-Temporal Footprints Assessment and Driving Mechanism of China Household Diet Based on CHNS. Foods 2021, 10, 1858 .
AMA StyleYanling Long, Runzhi Hu, Tuo Yin, Pengxiang Wang, Jiamin Liu, Tahir Muhammad, Xiuzhi Chen, Yunkai Li. Spatial-Temporal Footprints Assessment and Driving Mechanism of China Household Diet Based on CHNS. Foods. 2021; 10 (8):1858.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanling Long; Runzhi Hu; Tuo Yin; Pengxiang Wang; Jiamin Liu; Tahir Muhammad; Xiuzhi Chen; Yunkai Li. 2021. "Spatial-Temporal Footprints Assessment and Driving Mechanism of China Household Diet Based on CHNS." Foods 10, no. 8: 1858.
Fouling growth in brackish water distribution systems (BWDS), especially calcium-silica fouling, is inevitable issue in brackish water desalination, chemical and agricultural industry, eventually threaten the cleaner production process and environment. Magnetic Field (MF) has been a greener and effective technology to control calcium carbonate fouling. However, the effects of MF on composite calcium-silica fouling are still elusive. Therefore, this paper assessed the effect of MF on calcium and silica fouling. We found that MF not only significantly reduce the calcium carbonate fouling, but also obviously decreased the silica fouling. The MF reduced the calcite fouling reached 38.2%–64.3% by changing water quality parameters to trigger the transformation rate of CaCO3 crystal from compact calcite to looser aragonite, as well as increase the unit-cell parameters and chemical bond lengths of calcite and aragonite. The MF also decreased the content of silica fouling (silica and silicate) reached 22.4–46.3% by reducing the concentration of soluble silica and accelerating the flocculation settlement to form large size solid particles in BW. Furthermore, MF broke the synergistic interactions among calcium and silica fouling. In addition, the anti-fouling ability of permanent MF was higher by 12.3–35.1% than electric MF. Overall, these findings demonstrate that MF is an effective and chemical-free technology to control calcium-silica fouling in BWDS, and provide a new perspective for sustainable application of brackish water.
Zeyuan Liu; Marco Di Luccio; Sergio García; Jaume Puig-Bargués; Xiao Zhao; Alfredo Trueba; Tahir Muhammad; Yang Xiao; Yunkai Li. Effect of magnetic field on calcium - silica fouling and interactions in brackish water distribution systems. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 798, 148900 .
AMA StyleZeyuan Liu, Marco Di Luccio, Sergio García, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Xiao Zhao, Alfredo Trueba, Tahir Muhammad, Yang Xiao, Yunkai Li. Effect of magnetic field on calcium - silica fouling and interactions in brackish water distribution systems. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 798 ():148900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeyuan Liu; Marco Di Luccio; Sergio García; Jaume Puig-Bargués; Xiao Zhao; Alfredo Trueba; Tahir Muhammad; Yang Xiao; Yunkai Li. 2021. "Effect of magnetic field on calcium - silica fouling and interactions in brackish water distribution systems." Science of The Total Environment 798, no. : 148900.
Complex flow paths (CFPs) are commonly applied in precision equipment to accurately supply controllable fluids with designed structures. However, the presence of biofilms in CFPs causes quite a few unwanted issues, such as bio-erosion, clogging, or even health risks. To date, visualizing and quantifying the interaction between biofilm distribution and local hydrodynamics remains difficult, and the mechanism during the process is unclear. In this paper, the remodeling simulation method (3D industrial computed tomography scanning-inverse modeling-numerical simulation) and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing were integrated. The results indicated that local hydrodynamic characteristics significantly affected biofilm thicknesses on CFP surfaces (relative differences of 41.3–71.2%), which inversely influenced the local turbulence intensity. The average biofilm thicknesses exhibited a significant quadratic correlation with the near-wall hydraulic shear forces (r > 0.72, p < 0.05), and the biofilm reached a maximum thickness at 0.36–0.45 Pa. On the other hand, the near-wall hydraulic shear forces not only affected microbial community characteristics of biofilms, but they also influenced the number of microorganisms involved, which determined the biofilm accumulation thereafter. The PHYLUM Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria during the process. The results obtained in this paper could provide practical conceptions for the targeted control of biofilms and put forward more efficient controlling methods in commonly applied CFP systems.
Bo Zhou; Peng Hou; Yang Xiao; Peng Song; En Xie; Yunkai Li. Visualizing, quantifying, and controlling local hydrodynamic effects on biofilm accumulation in complex flow paths. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 416, 125937 .
AMA StyleBo Zhou, Peng Hou, Yang Xiao, Peng Song, En Xie, Yunkai Li. Visualizing, quantifying, and controlling local hydrodynamic effects on biofilm accumulation in complex flow paths. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; 416 ():125937.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo Zhou; Peng Hou; Yang Xiao; Peng Song; En Xie; Yunkai Li. 2021. "Visualizing, quantifying, and controlling local hydrodynamic effects on biofilm accumulation in complex flow paths." Journal of Hazardous Materials 416, no. : 125937.
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03479-2.
Zhenci Xu; Sophia N. Chau; Xiuzhi Chen; Jian Zhang; Yingjie Li; Thomas Dietz; Jinyan Wang; Julie A. Winkler; Fan Fan; Baorong Huang; Shuxin Li; Shaohua Wu; Anna Herzberger; Ying Tang; Dequ Hong; Yunkai Li; Jianguo Liu. Author Correction: Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time. Nature 2021, 592, E28 -E28.
AMA StyleZhenci Xu, Sophia N. Chau, Xiuzhi Chen, Jian Zhang, Yingjie Li, Thomas Dietz, Jinyan Wang, Julie A. Winkler, Fan Fan, Baorong Huang, Shuxin Li, Shaohua Wu, Anna Herzberger, Ying Tang, Dequ Hong, Yunkai Li, Jianguo Liu. Author Correction: Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time. Nature. 2021; 592 (7856):E28-E28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhenci Xu; Sophia N. Chau; Xiuzhi Chen; Jian Zhang; Yingjie Li; Thomas Dietz; Jinyan Wang; Julie A. Winkler; Fan Fan; Baorong Huang; Shuxin Li; Shaohua Wu; Anna Herzberger; Ying Tang; Dequ Hong; Yunkai Li; Jianguo Liu. 2021. "Author Correction: Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time." Nature 592, no. 7856: E28-E28.
In response to extreme societal consequences of ecosystem degradation and climate change, attention to ecological restoration is increasing globally. In China, investments in restoration exceeded USD 378.5 billion over the past decade. However, restoration programs are experiments that can cause marked unintended consequences, with trade-offs across space and time that have undergone little empirical examination. We quantified the long-term effects of large-scale afforestation for soil erosion and sandstorm prevention in semiarid China. We found that soil erosion was notably reduced by afforestation but surface runoff declined significantly, after a time lag of 18 years, limiting overall benefit. While forest area also increased, forest quality declined, interacting with reduced surface water runoff. Crucially, increased forest water consumption accelerated downstream groundwater depletion, thus intensifying conflicts over water use. The time lags and spatial trade-offs revealed by this case study provide critical lessons for large-scale restoration programs globally.
Ruonan Li; Hua Zheng; Patrick O’Connor; Huashan Xu; Yunkai Li; Fei Lu; Brian E. Robinson; Zhiyun Ouyang; Yue Hai; Gretchen C. Daily. Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs. Science Advances 2021, 7, eabf8650 .
AMA StyleRuonan Li, Hua Zheng, Patrick O’Connor, Huashan Xu, Yunkai Li, Fei Lu, Brian E. Robinson, Zhiyun Ouyang, Yue Hai, Gretchen C. Daily. Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs. Science Advances. 2021; 7 (14):eabf8650.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuonan Li; Hua Zheng; Patrick O’Connor; Huashan Xu; Yunkai Li; Fei Lu; Brian E. Robinson; Zhiyun Ouyang; Yue Hai; Gretchen C. Daily. 2021. "Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs." Science Advances 7, no. 14: eabf8650.
Saline water is an alternative resource that could be used to meet agriculture irrigation demands. Fouling, particularly that caused by calcium carbonate (CaCO3), often occurs in saline irrigation water distribution systems, and severely restricts the utilization of saline irrigation water. So far, water acidification is the common practice for avoiding CaCO3 fouling. However, this approach is often ineffective and regularly contributes to environmental pollution. This study investigated an effective practice to overcome CaCO3 fouling issues by regulating shear stress, temperature and ions in saline irrigation water irrigation systems. The effects of different near-wall shear stress at 0.05, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.60 Pa, coupling with temperature of 10, 20 30 and 40 ºC and cations Mg2+ and Fe3+ were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the CaCO3 fouling rate was linearly increased at initial shear stress, while decreased at higher shear stress, and the highest fouling rate was observed at 0.40 Pa, ranging between 21.4%−80.3%. The coupling of temperature and cations with shear stress significantly (p < 0.05) affected the fouling growth rate at each shear stress. The differences in fouling rate (fitting curves slopes k > 1) among different shear stress get larger with increasing temperature, while they decreased and increased with the addition of Mg2+ and Fe3+, respectively, when compared with pure solution of CaCO3. Refinement analysis showed the largest unit-cell volume and lattice parameter of calcite at shear stress of 0.40 Pa, resulting in a significant effect on distribution of fouling particle sizes and morphologies. Moreover, some anti-fouling measures were further proposed based on the formation behavior of CaCO3 fouling. These findings might provide a new perspective to control CaCO3 with potential implications for sustainable saline water management for irrigation.
Tahir Muhammad; Yang Xiao; Jaume Puig-Bargués; Wenchao Liu; Zeyuan Liu; Xiuzhi Chen; Yunkai Li. Effects of coupling multiple factors on CaCO3 fouling in agricultural saline water distribution systems. Agricultural Water Management 2021, 248, 106757 .
AMA StyleTahir Muhammad, Yang Xiao, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Wenchao Liu, Zeyuan Liu, Xiuzhi Chen, Yunkai Li. Effects of coupling multiple factors on CaCO3 fouling in agricultural saline water distribution systems. Agricultural Water Management. 2021; 248 ():106757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTahir Muhammad; Yang Xiao; Jaume Puig-Bargués; Wenchao Liu; Zeyuan Liu; Xiuzhi Chen; Yunkai Li. 2021. "Effects of coupling multiple factors on CaCO3 fouling in agricultural saline water distribution systems." Agricultural Water Management 248, no. : 106757.
Inefficient and non-environmentally friendly absorbent production can lead to much resource waste and go against low carbon and sustainable development. A novel and efficient Mg-Fe-Ce (MFC) complex metal oxide absorbent of fluoride ion (F−) removal was proposed for safe, environmentally friendly, and sustainable drinking water management. A series of optimization and preparation processes for the adsorbent and batch experiments (e.g., effects of solution pH, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, effects of coexisting anions, as well as surface properties tests) were carried out to analyze the characteristics of the adsorbent. The results indicated that optimum removal of F− occurred in a pH range of 4–5.5, and higher adsorption performances also happened under neutral pH conditions. The kinetic data under 10 and 50 mg·g−1 were found to be suitable for the pseudo-second-order adsorption rate model, and the two-site Langmuir model was ideal for adsorption isotherm data as compared to the one-site Langmuir model. According to the two-site Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity calculated at pH 7.0 ± 0.2 was 204 mg·g−1. The adsorption of F− was not affected by the presence of sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), and chloride (Cl−), which was suitable for practical applications in drinking water with high F− concentration. The MFC adsorbent has an amorphous structure, and there was an exchange reaction between OH− and F−. The novel MFC adsorbent was proven to have higher efficiency, better economy, and environmental sustainability, and be more environmentally friendly.
Changjuan Dong; Xiaomei Wu; Zhanyi Gao; Peiling Yang; Mohd Khan. A Novel and Efficient Metal Oxide Fluoride Absorbent for Drinking Water Safety and Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2021, 13, 883 .
AMA StyleChangjuan Dong, Xiaomei Wu, Zhanyi Gao, Peiling Yang, Mohd Khan. A Novel and Efficient Metal Oxide Fluoride Absorbent for Drinking Water Safety and Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):883.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChangjuan Dong; Xiaomei Wu; Zhanyi Gao; Peiling Yang; Mohd Khan. 2021. "A Novel and Efficient Metal Oxide Fluoride Absorbent for Drinking Water Safety and Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 883.
Soil particle size distribution (PSD) essentially determines the soil's physical characteristics, including aggregate stability and porosity. Evaluating the PSD of sodic soils altered by reclamation is beneficial to the development of strategies for addressing land degradation. However, it remains unclear how to extract the features of PSD of sodic soils sensitively under gypsum reclamation. In this study, a total of 108 soil samples collected from a reclaimed sodic field were measured for PSD along with other soil properties, including hydraulic conductivity. Almost all the reclaimed sodic soil was measured to be silt loam, which was not obviously different from their original texture. The concentration, uniformity and symmetry of PSD of sodic soils have been quantified by fractal and multifractal geometry methods, in which the multifractal method provided more parameters than the fractal method to characterize the features of PSD more sensitively. The multifractal method offering predictive parameters (i.e., D1, D2, αmin and α0‐αmin) was able to significantly (p < 0.05) differentiate the features of PSD. The multifractal results indicated that the heterogeneity of PSD at 0–60‐cm depth was increased by reclamation, whereas the major particle size (silt) in these sodic soils decreased, and the combined treatment (i.e., using flue gas desulphurization [FGD] gypsum plus leaching water) created the most heterogeneous PSD. The redistribution of soil particle size caused by reclamation treatments resulted in the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties, showing increased soil aggregate diameter, raised total porosity, enhanced saturated hydraulic conductivity and decreased pH. The findings of this study bring a new opportunity to evaluate the effects of gypsum on the quality of sodic soils from the PSD perspective, which also provides a reference for evaluation of reclamation of other poor soils. Highlights The quantification of soil particle size distribution (PSD) of sodic soils remains unclear. A field evaluation using the multifractal method to characterize the PSD of sodic soil. With the reduction of silt particles, the heterogeneity of PSD was increased by reclamation. This study provides a new perspective for evaluation of the effects of gypsum on quality of sodic soils.
Renkuan Liao; Haoliang Yu; Peiling Yang. Multifractal analysis of soil particle size distribution to evaluate the effects of gypsum on the quality of sodic soils. European Journal of Soil Science 2020, 72, 1726 -1741.
AMA StyleRenkuan Liao, Haoliang Yu, Peiling Yang. Multifractal analysis of soil particle size distribution to evaluate the effects of gypsum on the quality of sodic soils. European Journal of Soil Science. 2020; 72 (4):1726-1741.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenkuan Liao; Haoliang Yu; Peiling Yang. 2020. "Multifractal analysis of soil particle size distribution to evaluate the effects of gypsum on the quality of sodic soils." European Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 4: 1726-1741.
Irrigated agriculture has important implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, there is a lack of systematic and quantitative analyses of its impacts on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus. Here we studied impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across food sending systems (the North China Plain (NCP)), food receiving systems (the rest of China) and spillover systems (Hubei Province, affected by interactions between sending and receiving systems), using life cycle assessment, model scenarios, and the framework of metacoupling (socioeconomic-environmental interactions within and across borders). Results indicated that food supply from the NCP promoted food sustainability in the rest of China, but the NCP consumed over four times more water than its total annual renewable water, with large variations in food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across counties. Although Hubei Province was seldom directly involved in the food trade, it experienced substantial losses in water and land due to the construction of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project which aims to alleviate water shortages in the NCP. This study suggests the need to understand impacts of agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus in other parts of the world to achieve global sustainability.
Zhenci Xu; Xiuzhi Chen; Jianguo Liu; Yu Zhang; Sophia Chau; Nishan Bhattarai; Ye Wang; Yingjie Li; Thomas Connor; Yunkai Li. Impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across metacoupled systems. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 5837 .
AMA StyleZhenci Xu, Xiuzhi Chen, Jianguo Liu, Yu Zhang, Sophia Chau, Nishan Bhattarai, Ye Wang, Yingjie Li, Thomas Connor, Yunkai Li. Impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across metacoupled systems. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):5837.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhenci Xu; Xiuzhi Chen; Jianguo Liu; Yu Zhang; Sophia Chau; Nishan Bhattarai; Ye Wang; Yingjie Li; Thomas Connor; Yunkai Li. 2020. "Impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across metacoupled systems." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 5837.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for crop production. Drip irrigation (DI) system, mainly because of its high precision, allows effective application of water-soluble P-fertilizers. However, consecutive input of P-fertilizer would react with ions in the water source, especially when using the saline water containing high concentration of ions. Consequently, the integration of P fertilizer and saline water results in more complicated and serious DI emitter clogging, which may damage the whole irrigation system. Therefore, an in-situ field study was conducted to study the impacts of saline water concentrations (2 g L−1 and 4 g L-1) and water-soluble P-fertilizer types (urea phosphate, UP; and mono-potassium phosphate, MKP) on DI system performance. The results indicated that both UP and MKP application aggravated the emitter clogging process, and decreased the system discharge variation ratio (Dra) and Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CU) by 2.62 %–11.7 % and 1.89 %–7.94 %, respectively. UP treatments performed better than MKP treatments in anti-clogging abilities, as it increased the DI system Dra (4.81 %–5.78 %) and CU (2.98 %–3.59 %). Besides, the impacts were significantly enhanced by higher water salinity. The system performance indicators were closely related to the chemical precipitations inside emitters, especially the relative contents and variations of the primary components (carbonates, quartz and silicates). UP performed better than MKP mainly because it lowered water pH and thus significantly reduced precipitation. Overall, clogging parameters (Dra and CU), clogging substances and the components of fertigation treatments all showed positive linear correlations with controlled treatments that without fertilizer applied (CK_2 and CK_4). The slopes of the fitting curves and significance analysis results combined demonstrated that, the water salinity had larger impact on emitter clogging process than fertilizer types. Present study offered references to fertilizer application using saline water to maintain drip irrigation system’s benefits.
Tahir Muhammad; Bo Zhou; Zeyuan Liu; Xiuzhi Chen; Yunkai Li. Effects of phosphorus-fertigation on emitter clogging in drip irrigation system with saline water. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 243, 106392 .
AMA StyleTahir Muhammad, Bo Zhou, Zeyuan Liu, Xiuzhi Chen, Yunkai Li. Effects of phosphorus-fertigation on emitter clogging in drip irrigation system with saline water. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 243 ():106392.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTahir Muhammad; Bo Zhou; Zeyuan Liu; Xiuzhi Chen; Yunkai Li. 2020. "Effects of phosphorus-fertigation on emitter clogging in drip irrigation system with saline water." Agricultural Water Management 243, no. : 106392.
Saline water can be used in drip irrigation systems, thus conserving freshwater. However, the emitters used in drip irrigation are easily prone to salinity-related chemical clogging, which has become a barrier to the exploitation and utilization of saline water in this context. We therefore analyzed the behavior and emitter distribution of chemical clogging using a drip irrigation experiment comparing four water salinities (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 dS/m) in the Hetao Irrigation District (Inner Mongolia, China). The results revealed that the clogging parameters (discharge ratio variation [Dra] and coefficient of uniformity [CU]) showed a slow–sharp downward trend under saline water conditions. Salinity had significantly negative, linear relationships with the two clogging parameters. We identified that the chemical clogging process exhibited randomness, but showed regularity where it usually occurred. Three types of chemical clogging process were identified, representing gradual, fluctuating, and sudden reductions in the clogging parameters. The highest risk location for chemical clogging was the end of the laterals, while the main site for sedimentation of the blocking materials was the core flow path of emitters. On the basis of the results, a water salinity of below 4.0 dS/m is recommended as suitable for use in drip irrigation systems.
Zhangzhong Lili; Yang Peiling; Zheng Wengang; Li Yunkai; Liu Yu; Zhang Chong. Effects of water salinity on emitter clogging in surface drip irrigation systems. Irrigation Science 2020, 39, 209 -222.
AMA StyleZhangzhong Lili, Yang Peiling, Zheng Wengang, Li Yunkai, Liu Yu, Zhang Chong. Effects of water salinity on emitter clogging in surface drip irrigation systems. Irrigation Science. 2020; 39 (2):209-222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhangzhong Lili; Yang Peiling; Zheng Wengang; Li Yunkai; Liu Yu; Zhang Chong. 2020. "Effects of water salinity on emitter clogging in surface drip irrigation systems." Irrigation Science 39, no. 2: 209-222.
Biofilm causes considerable technical challenges in agricultural water distribution systems. Electrochemical treatment (ECT) is a potential technique for controlling biofilm in the systems. Given the limited information on how ECT performance changes of irrigation systems and microbial biofilm community shifts. In this study, the effect of anti-biofilm was assessed. Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing, combined with molecular ecological network analysis, were applied to detect the effects of ECT on attached biofilm microbial communities. We found that ECT effectively mitigated biofilm formation with the fixed-biofilm biomass reduced by 37.5 %–79.9 %. ECT significantly shifted the bacterial community structures in the biofilm, reduced the communities’ diversity, and changed the dominant species. Molecular ecological network analysis showed that the complexity and size of bacterial networks were destabilized under ECT and decreased the interactions among bacterial species. The reconstruction in bacterial community and networks were responsible for the decline in extracellular polymer substances and biofilm biomass. However, chlorine-resistant bacteria were found increased after ECT, and higher relative abundance and low biofilm removal was identified in continuous ECT as compared with intermittent ECT. These results aimed to highlight the opportunity for biofouling mitigation by ECT for irrigation systems, and reveal the potential anti-biofilm microbial mechanisms of ECT.
Peng Song; Yang Xiao; Zhiyong Jason Ren; John P. Brooks; Lu Lu; Bo Zhou; Yunpeng Zhou; Stefano Freguia; Zhidan Liu; Ning Zhang; Yunkai Li. Electrochemical biofilm control by reconstructing microbial community in agricultural water distribution systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 403, 123616 .
AMA StylePeng Song, Yang Xiao, Zhiyong Jason Ren, John P. Brooks, Lu Lu, Bo Zhou, Yunpeng Zhou, Stefano Freguia, Zhidan Liu, Ning Zhang, Yunkai Li. Electrochemical biofilm control by reconstructing microbial community in agricultural water distribution systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 403 ():123616.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng Song; Yang Xiao; Zhiyong Jason Ren; John P. Brooks; Lu Lu; Bo Zhou; Yunpeng Zhou; Stefano Freguia; Zhidan Liu; Ning Zhang; Yunkai Li. 2020. "Electrochemical biofilm control by reconstructing microbial community in agricultural water distribution systems." Journal of Hazardous Materials 403, no. : 123616.
The United Nations has adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 targets. International trade has substantial influences on global sustainability and human well-being. However, little is known about the impacts of international trade on progress towards achieving the SDG targets. Here we show that international trade positively affected global progress towards achieving nine environment-related SDG targets. International trade improved the SDG target scores of most (65%) of the evaluated developed countries but reduced the SDG target scores of over 60% of the evaluated developing countries. The SDG target scores of developed countries were higher than those of developing countries when trade was accounted for, but those scores would be lower than those of developing countries if trade were not a factor. Furthermore, trade between distant countries contributed more to achieving these global SDG targets than trade between adjacent countries. Compared with adjacent trade, distant trade was more beneficial for achieving SDG targets in developed countries, but it more negatively affected SDG target scores in developing countries. Our research suggests that enhancing the accounting for and management of virtual resources embedded in trade is essential for achieving and balancing sustainable development for all.
Zhenci Xu; Yingjie Li; Sophia N. Chau; Thomas Dietz; Canbing Li; Luwen Wan; Jindong Zhang; Liwei Zhang; Yunkai Li; Min Gon Chung; Jianguo Liu. Impacts of international trade on global sustainable development. Nature Sustainability 2020, 3, 964 -971.
AMA StyleZhenci Xu, Yingjie Li, Sophia N. Chau, Thomas Dietz, Canbing Li, Luwen Wan, Jindong Zhang, Liwei Zhang, Yunkai Li, Min Gon Chung, Jianguo Liu. Impacts of international trade on global sustainable development. Nature Sustainability. 2020; 3 (11):964-971.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhenci Xu; Yingjie Li; Sophia N. Chau; Thomas Dietz; Canbing Li; Luwen Wan; Jindong Zhang; Liwei Zhang; Yunkai Li; Min Gon Chung; Jianguo Liu. 2020. "Impacts of international trade on global sustainable development." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 11: 964-971.
Riverbed sediments are the interface layer in riverine ecosystems connecting the overlying medium of water and the vadose zone. The transport behavior of phosphorus (P), which has been recognized as the primary cause of freshwater eutrophication, in riverbed sediments remains unclear. Understanding the impact of riverbed sediments on P transport is a necessary prerequisite for the development of appropriate strategies to reduce potential groundwater pollution. In this study, riverbed sediments were collected from the upstream, midstream, and downstream sections of the Beiyun River, China, and packed into vertical soil columns to perform leaching experiments to quantify P transport characteristics. In addition, the impact mechanisms were further explored by conducting laboratory batch tests of P adsorption and desorption. The results demonstrated that approximately 80% of P can be adsorbed by riverbed sediments in soil column leaching experiment, and a tailing phenomenon was observed in its desorption. The hydraulic conductivity properties of riverbed sediments were evaluated by the advection-dispersion equation, showing a gradually decreasing adsorption capacity for P from upstream to downstream sections, which was supported by the results obtained from adsorption–desorption thermodynamic and kinetic batch tests. The estimated annual leaching masses of P increased from 60.72 g/(m2 a) in the upstream section to 132.31 g/(m2 a) in the downstream section. The role of riverbed sediments as a source or sink of P is possibly determined by their coarse sand particles content, and the mean equilibrium P concentration (EPC0). The competitive relationship between P and other forms of nutrients also has an important influence on its source-sink role. These findings suggest that the prevention of the potential P leaching is most needed in the downstream sections of Beiyun River, and corresponding control strategies should be developed to avoid groundwater pollution.
Renkuan Liao; Jieyun Hu; Yunkai Li; Shuqin Li. Phosphorus transport in riverbed sediments and related adsorption and desorption characteristics in the Beiyun River, China. Environmental Pollution 2020, 266, 115153 .
AMA StyleRenkuan Liao, Jieyun Hu, Yunkai Li, Shuqin Li. Phosphorus transport in riverbed sediments and related adsorption and desorption characteristics in the Beiyun River, China. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 266 ():115153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenkuan Liao; Jieyun Hu; Yunkai Li; Shuqin Li. 2020. "Phosphorus transport in riverbed sediments and related adsorption and desorption characteristics in the Beiyun River, China." Environmental Pollution 266, no. : 115153.
Groundwater is one of the most critical elements of global water resources. However, growing water consumption has resulted in rapid depletion of groundwater, which threaten the sustainable development of economy and environment worldwide. Groundwater footprint (GF) is the area of region capable of achieving the sustainable use of groundwater and healthy ecosystem simultaneously. However, existing studies for GF assessment fail to distinguish the difference between sub-systems at spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, the big error (>40%) always existed due to the coarse spatial resolution. Thus, the North China Plain (NCP), the world's largest groundwater depression cone, was selected as the first demonstration to perform GF assessment at subsystem level. Disparate groundwater subsystems in NCP show notable differences in terms of unsustainable levels. The NCP’s average shallow and deep GF is 90.93 and 65.12 million km2 with the groundwater utilization intensity is 6.56. The variation of groundwater utilization intensity under different scenarios were analyzed. Combining all agricultural management could reduce groundwater utilization intensity by around 74.58% to 96.95%, resulting that groundwater could recover to the original health level nearly. It suggested that government should implement strict and holistic management policies to better access exploit and utilize groundwater, such as exploring alternative sources and adjusting the water use structure to achieve sustainable management of groundwater.
Xiuzhi Chen; Pengxiang Wang; Tahir Muhammad; Zhenci Xu; Yunkai Li. Subsystem-level groundwater footprint assessment in North China Plain – The world’s largest groundwater depression cone. Ecological Indicators 2020, 117, 106662 .
AMA StyleXiuzhi Chen, Pengxiang Wang, Tahir Muhammad, Zhenci Xu, Yunkai Li. Subsystem-level groundwater footprint assessment in North China Plain – The world’s largest groundwater depression cone. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 117 ():106662.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiuzhi Chen; Pengxiang Wang; Tahir Muhammad; Zhenci Xu; Yunkai Li. 2020. "Subsystem-level groundwater footprint assessment in North China Plain – The world’s largest groundwater depression cone." Ecological Indicators 117, no. : 106662.
Reusing biogas slurry (BS) in agricultural drip irrigation systems may provide a solution to deal with the adverse environmental impacts of applying BS. Biofouling and scaling are two leading issues in drip irrigation emitters. This study investigated a practice that applied electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to control biofilms and scales. The bacterial communities and mineral precipitations in the clogging substances of emitters were determined. Results showed that EMFs inhibited the growth of microbes, and influenced BS physicochemical parameters. Consequently, EMFs shifted the bacterial communities with reduced diversities. Network analyses revealed that bacterial species under EMFs treatments showed lower average connectivities and simpler interactions, which were responsible for the decreases of extracellular polymers substances (EPS). Moreover, EMFs treatments not only reduced the carbonates in emitters, but also prevented the depositions of phosphates, silicates, and quartzes. EMFs also had impacts on the lattice parameters and crystal volumes of carbonates. In addition, the changes in bacterial communities and EPS contents were associated with the reductions of various minerals. Accordingly, EMFs effectively mitigated biofilms and scales with the fixed clogging substances reduced by 29.1–53.8 %. These findings demonstrated that applying EMFs is an effective anti-biofouling and anti-scaling treatment with potential applications in BS irrigation systems.
Yang Xiao; Yaoze Liu; Changjian Ma; Tahir Muhammad; Bo Zhou; Yunpeng Zhou; Peng Song; Yunkai Li. Using electromagnetic fields to inhibit biofouling and scaling in biogas slurry drip irrigation emitters. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 401, 123265 .
AMA StyleYang Xiao, Yaoze Liu, Changjian Ma, Tahir Muhammad, Bo Zhou, Yunpeng Zhou, Peng Song, Yunkai Li. Using electromagnetic fields to inhibit biofouling and scaling in biogas slurry drip irrigation emitters. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 401 ():123265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Xiao; Yaoze Liu; Changjian Ma; Tahir Muhammad; Bo Zhou; Yunpeng Zhou; Peng Song; Yunkai Li. 2020. "Using electromagnetic fields to inhibit biofouling and scaling in biogas slurry drip irrigation emitters." Journal of Hazardous Materials 401, no. : 123265.
A sedimentation tank which can remove fine sediment with low cost and high efficiency is of great significance for the wide application of drip irrigation techniques with the Yellow River water. In this study, the settling process of an inclined-tube gravity sedimentation tank which has high removal efficiency for fine particles in practice was thoroughly investigated. The sediment concentration distribution in the tank was measured by an optical back-scattering turbidimeter. The sediment thickness at the tank bottom was also measured. In addition, the size grading of sediment deposited at different positions on the tank bottom and at different heights in the inclined tubes was also measured by a laser particle size analyzer. It was found that the removal efficiency of fine sediment was 64.7–69.7% in the inclined-tube gravity sedimentation tank, which was higher than that of the sedimentation tank without inclined tubes (with a sediment removal rate of 20.7–32%). The sediment was mainly deposited in the flow adjustment area and settlement area with inclined tubes. A suitable height for the inclined tubes was 70–90 cm. In addition, the water inlet, baffle, and overflow weir in the tank negatively affected the fine sediment settling in two experiment cases. The experimental results enhance our understanding of the sedimentation characteristics in the tank, and indicate the direction for the subsequent structural optimization of the tank.
Keyuan Wang; Yunkai Li; Shumei Ren; Peiling Yang. A Case Study on Settling Process in Inclined-Tube Gravity Sedimentation Tank for Drip Irrigation with the Yellow River Water. Water 2020, 12, 1685 .
AMA StyleKeyuan Wang, Yunkai Li, Shumei Ren, Peiling Yang. A Case Study on Settling Process in Inclined-Tube Gravity Sedimentation Tank for Drip Irrigation with the Yellow River Water. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1685.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeyuan Wang; Yunkai Li; Shumei Ren; Peiling Yang. 2020. "A Case Study on Settling Process in Inclined-Tube Gravity Sedimentation Tank for Drip Irrigation with the Yellow River Water." Water 12, no. 6: 1685.
Clarifying the flow characteristics in the settling tank is the foundation for the design optimization and efficiency improvement of sediment removal. However, few research works have been undertaken on the precise observation of the flow movement in the tank. For this purpose, research into an inclined-tube settling tank for the water-sediment separation of the Yellow River was carried out. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was utilized to measure the velocity distribution in the tank. The dimensionless turbulence intensity and dimensionless Reynolds shear stress distribution were obtained subsequently. It was found that the velocity distribution in the stable settlement area (SSA) and the settlement area with inclined tubes (ISA) was uniform. The turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress in the tank were beneficial to the formation of the flocs and the subsequent acceleration of the sediment settling. The flow pattern could be significantly improved by the flow adjustment board and the inclined tubes. However, the inlet, the baffle and the overflow weir in the tank had negative effects on the flow pattern. The results enhanced our understanding of the flow characteristics in the inclined-tube settling tank and indicated a direction for optimizing the tank structure and improving the settling efficiency.
Keyuan Wang; Yunkai Li; Shumei Ren; Peiling Yang. Prototype Observation of Flow Characteristics in an Inclined-Tube Settling Tank for Fine Sandy Water Treatment. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3586 .
AMA StyleKeyuan Wang, Yunkai Li, Shumei Ren, Peiling Yang. Prototype Observation of Flow Characteristics in an Inclined-Tube Settling Tank for Fine Sandy Water Treatment. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (10):3586.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeyuan Wang; Yunkai Li; Shumei Ren; Peiling Yang. 2020. "Prototype Observation of Flow Characteristics in an Inclined-Tube Settling Tank for Fine Sandy Water Treatment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3586.
Biofouling poses considerable technical challenges to agricultural irrigation systems. Controlling biofouling with strong chemical biocides is not only expensive and sometimes ineffective, but also contributes to environmental pollution. This study investigated the application of nanobubbles (NBs) on minimizing biofouling in agricultural irrigation water pipelines. Treatment performances were assessed using low concentration bubbles (LCB) and high concentration bubbles (HCB) together with a negative control (CK: no-NBs). 16 s rRNA gene sequencing and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the microbial community and mineral compositions of biofilms in water emitters. Results demonstrated that NBs effectively mitigated biofouling through reducing fixed-biomass by 31.3−52.1%. A significantly different microbial composition was found in the biofilm community with reduced biodiversity. Molecular ecological network analysis revealed that NBs were detrimental to the mutualistic interactions among microbial species – destabilizing the network complexity and size, which was expressed as decreasing in extracellular polymers and biofilm biomass. Furthermore, NBs significantly decreased the deposition of carbonate, silicate, phosphate, and quartz on the pipe surfaces, leading to reductions of total content of minerals in biofilms. Therefore, this study demonstrated that NBs treatment could be an effective, and eco-friendly solution for biofouling control in agricultural water distribution systems.
Yang Xiao; Sunny C. Jiang; Xiaoyao Wang; Tahir Muhammad; Peng Song; Bo Zhou; Yunpeng Zhou; Yunkai Li. Mitigation of biofouling in agricultural water distribution systems with nanobubbles. Environment International 2020, 141, 105787 .
AMA StyleYang Xiao, Sunny C. Jiang, Xiaoyao Wang, Tahir Muhammad, Peng Song, Bo Zhou, Yunpeng Zhou, Yunkai Li. Mitigation of biofouling in agricultural water distribution systems with nanobubbles. Environment International. 2020; 141 ():105787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Xiao; Sunny C. Jiang; Xiaoyao Wang; Tahir Muhammad; Peng Song; Bo Zhou; Yunpeng Zhou; Yunkai Li. 2020. "Mitigation of biofouling in agricultural water distribution systems with nanobubbles." Environment International 141, no. : 105787.