Graphene and GBNs offer diverse PD management modalities by targeting neurodegeneration, exerting regenerative properties and their use as carriers, biosensors, and imaging agents.

Among neurodegenerative diseases, synucleinopathies appear to be attractive targets for nanomaterial-based interventions due to their hallmark pathology – the misfolding and aggregation of α-synucl...

Graphene oxide functionalized with selenium (GO-Se) has emerged as a promising nanomaterial due to selenium's antioxidant and redox-regulating properties, yet its safety profile remains unclear. The present study systematically investigated the cytotoxic, oxidative, and developmental effects of GO-Se using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cells, zebrafish embryos and complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations. GO-Se induced a dose- and time-dependent reduction in NHDF cell viability (IC₅₀ = 274.6 μg mL⁻¹ at 24 h), associated with oxidative stress modulation and apoptosis. Zebrafish models revealed concentration-dependent cardiac dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at ≥100 μg mL⁻¹. DFT analyses supported these findings by showing strong electron-accepting properties of GO-Se. Overall, the study highlights both the biomedical potential and the safety concerns of GO-Se, underlining the need for further investigations into its applicability.