Caffeic acid (CA), a phenolic acid, is a powerful antioxidant with proven effectiveness. CA instability gives it limited use, so encapsulation in polymeric nanomaterials has been used to solve the problem but also to obtain topical hydrogel formulas. Two different formulas of caffeic acid liposomes were incorporated into three different formulas of carbopol-based hydrogels. A Franz diffusion cell system was used to evaluate the release of CA from hydrogels. For the viscoelastic measurements of the hydrogels, the equilibrium flow test was used. The dynamic tests were examined at rest by three oscillating tests: the amplitude test, the frequency test and the flow and recovery test. These carbopol gels have a high elasticity at flow stress even at very low polymer concentrations. In the analysis of the texture, the increase of the polymer concentration from 0.5% to 1% determined a linear increase of the values of the textural parameters for hydrogels. The textural properties of 1% carbopol-based hydrogels were slightly affected by the addition of liposomal vesicle dispersion and the firmness and shear work increased with increasing carbomer concentration.

From a global perspective, gastric cancer (GC) persists as a significant healthcare issue. In the Western world, the majority of cases are discovered at late stages, when the treatment is generally unsuccessful. There are no organized screening programs outside of Asia (Japan and Republic of Korea). Traditional diagnosis techniques (such as upper endoscopy), conventional tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4), radiographic imaging, and CT scanning all have drawbacks. The gold standard for the earliest detection of cancer and related premalignant lesions is still endoscopy with a proper biopsy follow-up. Since there are currently no clinically approved biomarkers for the early diagnosis of GC, the identification of non-invasive biomarkers is expected to help improve the prognosis and survival rate of these patients. The search for new screening biomarkers is currently underway. These include genetic biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells, microRNAs, and exosomes, as well as metabolic biomarkers obtained from biofluids. Meanwhile, cutting-edge high-resolution endoscopic technologies are demonstrating promising outcomes in the visual diagnosis of mucosal lesions with the aid of linked color imaging and machine learning models. Following the PRISMA guidelines, this study examined the articles in databases such as PubMed, resulting in 167 included articles. This review discusses the currently available and emerging methods for diagnosing GC early on, as well as new developments in the endoscopic detection of early lesions of the stomach.

Medical and pharmaceutical research has shown that liposomes are very efficient in transporting drugs to targets. In this study, we prepared six liposome formulas, three in which we entrapped caffeic acid (CA), and three with only phospholipids and without CA. Determination of entrapment efficiency (EE) showed that regardless of the phospholipids used, the percentage of CA entrapment was up to 76%. The characterization of the liposomes was performed using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), zeta potential and polydispersity and showed that about 75–99% of the liposomes had dimensions between 40 ± 0.55–500 ± 1.45 nm. The size and zeta potential of liposomes were influenced by the type of phospholipid used to obtain them. CA release from liposomes was performed using a six-cell Franz diffusion system, and it was observed that the release of entrapped CA occurs gradually, the highest amount occurring in the first eight hours (over 80%), after which the release is much reduced. Additionally, the time stability of the obtained liposomes was analysed using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Therefore, liposomes offer great potential in CA entrapment.

Background and Objectives: Anastomotic leakage (AL) remains one of the most feared complications following colorectal resection, yet the relationship between cumulative surgeon experience and AL risk remains inconclusive in the literature. Most available evidence originates from high-volume or specialized centers, with limited data from mid-volume Central and Eastern European settings. This study aimed to evaluate the association between cumulative surgeon experience, operative time, and AL risk in a selected sample of colorectal resections with primary anastomosis for both benign and malignant indications, excluding right colectomies, abdominoperineal resections, TaTME, Hartmann’s procedures, and stoma-protected anastomoses, within a single-center multi-surgeon setting over a seven-year period. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 315 consecutive adult patients who underwent left-sided or segmental colorectal resection with primary anastomosis for both benign and malignant indications (excluding right colectomy, abdominoperineal resection, TaTME, Hartmann’s procedure, and stoma-protected cases) at Békés County Central Hospital, Gyula, Hungary, between January 2018 and December 2024. AL was defined according to ISREC criteria, with only clinically relevant grade B or C leaks recorded as events. The main exposure was cumulative surgeon experience (log2-transformed). The primary analysis used a multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) model clustered by surgeon, adjusted for operative time, surgical approach, conversion, wound infection, and resected segment. Eight surgeons participated, with cumulative experience ranging from 50 to 600 cases. Results: Among the 315 patients included, the median age was 68 years, with a male predominance (61.0%); most cases involved malignant pathology (82.9%) and at least one comorbidity (73.3%). The rectosigmoid was the most frequently resected segment (49.8%), and an open approach was used in 58.7% of cases. The overall AL incidence was 7.94% (25/315), with a median onset at postoperative day 5. In the multivariable GEE model, cumulative surgeon experience was not significantly associated with AL risk (OR per doubling 1.12; 95% CI 0.73–1.72; p = 0.597), nor was operative time (OR per 10 min 1.03; p = 0.294). Wound infection was the only variable significantly associated with AL (OR 3.48; 95% CI 1.06–11.44; p = 0.042), although its temporal relationship with AL could not be established from the available data. AL rates by experience category were 8.9%, 7.5%, and 7.9% for surgeons with <100, 100–199, and ≥200 cases, respectively (p = 0.913). AL was associated with a significantly prolonged hospital stay (median 17 vs. 7 days, p < 0.001) regardless of surgical approach. Conclusions: Cumulative surgeon experience was not independently associated with AL risk in the selected sample of colorectal resections with primary anastomosis in this single-center, mid-volume setting. Wound infection emerged as the only variable significantly associated with AL, although its temporal relationship with AL could not be determined and several established confounders, including anastomotic height, BMI, ASA class, and emergency status, were unavailable for adjustment. Considerable inter-surgeon variability was observed irrespective of case volume. These findings highlight the complexity of AL risk and the need for prospective multicenter studies with comprehensive risk adjustment.

Background/Objectives: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is among the most serious complications after colorectal resection with primary anastomosis. Emergency surgery has been identified as a procedural risk factor, but data from mid-volume, non-specialized centers in Central and Eastern Europe remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the association between emergency surgery and AL in a sample of unprotected colorectal anastomoses, while adjusting for selected clinical factors. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study of consecutive adult patients undergoing left-sided or segmental colorectal resection with primary anastomosis and without protective diversion at a hospital in Gyula, Hungary, between January 2018 and December 2024, irrespective of whether the underlying indication was benign or malignant. Right colectomies, abdominoperineal resections, transanal total mesorectal excisions, Hartmann’s procedures, and diverted anastomoses were excluded. After further exclusion of patients with undocumented operative urgency, 268 patients were analyzed. AL was defined according to International Study Group of Rectal Cancer (ISREC) criteria (grade B or C). The association between emergency surgery and AL was assessed using univariable tests and an age-adjusted logistic regression model. Surgical approach was not included as a covariate because of its strong collinearity with operative urgency. Results: Of 268 patients, 61 (22.8%) underwent emergency surgery. AL occurred in 23 patients (8.6%). The leak rate was higher after emergency than elective surgery (19.7% vs. 5.3%; p = 0.001), although the confidence interval for the adjusted association was wide. Emergency surgery remained independently associated with AL after age-adjustment (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.81–10.46; p = 0.001). No other variable was significantly associated with leakage. Conclusions: Emergency surgery was independently associated with an increased risk of AL in unprotected colorectal anastomoses. Operative urgency should be considered a relevant element of anastomotic risk stratification, warranting heightened vigilance and individualized protective strategies.