Solar energy has emerged as a viable and competitive renewable resource due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. To meet the global energy demands, there is a growing need for efficient devices with unique compositions. In this study, we designed and analyzed a perovskite solar cell (PSC) incorporating methylammonium tin iodide (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) as the active optical absorber material, tin iodide (SnO₂) as the electron transport layer (ETL), and copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) as the hole transport layer (HTL) using SCAPS-1D software for numerical investigations. Subsequently, the optimized outcomes were implemented in the PVSyst software package to derive the characteristics of a solar module based on the proposed novel solar cell composition. The objective of our research was to enhance the stability of solar cell for use in solar module. This was achieved by optimizing the thicknesses of the compositional layers which resulted in the enhancement of excess electron and hole mobilities and a reduction in defect densities, thereby leading to an improvement in the device performance. The optimization of excess electron and hole mobilities, as well as defect densities, was conducted to improve the device performance. SCAPS calculations indicated that the perovskite absorber layer (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) may achieve the best possible performance with a maximum optimized thickness of 3.2 μm. The optimized thickness value for CuSCN-HTL and SnO₂-ETL were found to be 0.07 μm and 0.05 μm respectively resulting in a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.57%. Variations in open circuit voltage (V_oc), short circuit current (J_sc), fill factor (FF %), and quantum efficiency (QE) associated with the optimized thickness values of all layers in the ITO/SnO₂/CH₃NH₃SnI₃/CuSCN/Mo composition were critically analyzed. The use of these input parameters resulted in power creation of 557.4 W for a module consisting of 72 cells with an annual performance ratio of 80.3%. These recent investigations are expected to be effective in the design and fabrication of eco-friendly and high-performance solar cells in terms of efficiency.

Inorganic metal halide perovskite materials have attracted remarkable attention as light harvesters because of their promising optoelectronic merits and photovoltaic features like tunable band gaps, high charge carrier mobilities and greater absorption coefficients. In order to explore new inorganic perovskite materials for use in optoelectronic devices Potassium Tin Chloride (KSnCl₃) has been experimentally synthesized using a supersaturated recrystallization technique at ambient conditions. The resultant nanoparticle (NP) specimens were analyzed for optical and structural properties by characteristic available techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and UV visible spectroscopy. Experimental investigations about structure reveals that KSnCl₃ crystallizes in orthorhombic phase with particle size of 400-500 nm. SEM showed better crystallization and EDX confirmed the accurate structural composition. UV-Visible analysis indicated a prominent absorption peak at 504 nm, and the band gap is 2.70 eV. Theoretical investigations of KSnCl₃ were also carried out via AB-initio calculations in Wein2k simulation program using modified Becke Johnson (mBJ) and generalized gradient approximations (GGA). Optical properties like extinction coefficient k (ω), complex parts of dielectric constant (ε ₁, ε ₂), reflectivity R (ω), refractive index n (ω), optical conductivity L (ω) and absorption coefficient α (ω) were examined and it was observed that _. theoretical investigations were consistent with experimental findings. Incorporation of KSnCl₃ as an absorber material along with single walled carbon nanotubes as p-type materials in (AZO/IGZO/KSnCl₃/CIGS/SWCNT/Au) solar cell configuration have been investigated by SCAPS-1D simulation package. Open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.9914 V, short circuit current density (J_sc) of 47.32067 mA/cm² and a remarkable efficiency of 36.823% with has been predicted. Thermally stable KSnCl₃ may become potential source in manufacturing of photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications on large scale.

Considerable research interest has been directed toward inorganic perovskite solar cells because of their promising efficiency and enhanced stability. This study developed and optimized two leadfree configurations, Au/p-GO/Ba3SbI3/n-ZnO/ITO and Au/p-GO/Sr3SbI3/n-ZnO/ITO, with ZnO incorporated as the ETL and GO serving the role of the HTL in each structure. The optimized layer thicknesses were determined for the ETL, absorber, and HTL, with values of 0.025 μm, 1.10 μm, and 0.40 μm for Ba3SbI3 absorber-based solar cell 0.025 μm, 0.85 μm, and 0.08 μm for Sr3SbI3 absorberbased solar cell. The optimization led to reduced defect densities and enhanced carrier mobility. The primary objective was to design stable solar cell devices and compare their performance to identify the more efficient configuration. Using SCAPS software, we analyzed the influence of temperature, defect density, and thickness variations on the electrical behavior of the device, particularly its VOC, JSC, FF, and overall PCE. Among the two configurations tested, the Ba3SbI3 absorber-based configuration demonstrated superior performance with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.66%, outperforming the Sr3SbI3-based configuration, which achieved a PCE of 21.1%. The Ba3SbI3-based configuration showed higher efficiency due to its better electronic properties and optimized layer thicknesses, making it a more promising candidate for high-performance solar modules. To assess the module-level behavior of the suggested configuration, the optimized outcomes were further analyzed using PVsyst.