The use of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the superoxide intermediates, generated by end-on and side-on adsorption of the naturally abundant and ¹⁷O-enriched dioxygen on catalytic surfaces is discussed. Basic mechanisms of O₂ ⁻ radical formation via a cationic redox mechanism, an anionic redox mechanism, and an electroprotic mechanism are illustrated with selected oxide-based systems of catalytic relevance. Representative experimental spectra of various complexities are analyzed and their diagnostic features have been identified and interpreted. The molecular nature of the g and A tensors of the electrostatic and covalent superoxide adducts is discussed in detail within the classic and density functional theory based approaches.