Objective: This study advances current understanding by systematically investigating how team vs. individual sports differentially influence adolescent psychological resilience through emotion regulation, social support, and self-efficacy pathways, with particular attention to gender moderation effects.Methods: Drawing on multi-wave data from 698 Chinese adolescents (aged 12–18 years), we implemented a mediation model featuring two distinct pathways to elucidate mechanisms unique to each sport type. Hierarchical regression and bootstrapped analyses were utilized to evaluate: (1) the unique mediating contributions of emotion regulation (ER), social support (SS), and self-efficacy (SE) across sport categories, and (2) the moderating influence of gender on these pathways.Results: (1) Team sports significantly enhance adolescents' levels of social support while individual sports notably improve self-efficacy; both types of exercise positively predict psychological resilience. (2) Emotional regulation, social support, and self-efficacy play significant mediating roles between physical activity and psychological resilience. Specifically, team sports primarily influence psychological resilience by enhancing social support and subsequently boosting self-efficacy; conversely, individual sports mainly strengthen psychological resilience through increased self-efficacy. (3) Gender has a significant moderating effect within team sports; specifically, Female exhibit a stronger impact of emotional regulation on psychological resilience compared to male who demonstrate more pronounced benefits from enhanced self-efficacy regarding their psychological resilience. In contrast to team sports, gender significantly moderated the social support-resilience relationship in individual sports, with stronger associations observed for female.Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that sport types function as gendered ecological niches for resilience cultivation. Specifically, team settings leverage interpersonal dynamics to enhance male self-efficacy and Female emotional competencies, while individual activities offer equitable platforms for social support development. These insights contest uniform exercise recommendations and furnish a blueprint for tailored, gender-sensitive interventions grounded in sport participation.

Objective: To investigate the effect of an 8-week inspiratory muscle training (IMT) intervention on respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men. Methods: The study included 36 obese young men who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the IG (inspiratory muscle training group, n = 17), which underwent high-intensity IMT intervention for 8 weeks, 5 times a week, and the CG (control group, n = 18), which was not given any additional intervention. Assessed parameters included maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR), as well as heart rate variability metrics such as the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), low-frequency power component (LF), high-frequency power component (HF), and LF/HF ratio. These measurements were taken both at baseline and following the completion of the 8-week intervention period. Results: After 8 weeks of IMT, the MIP and MEP of the IG increased by 31.8% and 26.5%, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, SBP, DBP, and HR decreased by 2.2%, 3.2%, and 2.1%, respectively (p < 0.01). In the HRV time domain, SDNN and RMSSD increased by 54.1% and 33.5%, respectively (p < 0.01), and there was no significant improvement in SDSD (p > 0.05); in the HRV frequency domain, LF decreased by 40.5%, HF increased by 59.4% (p < 0.01), and the LF/HF ratio decreased by 58.2% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: An 8-week 80%MIP IMT intervention significantly improves respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men, suggesting that IMT is a promising non-pharmacological strategy for mitigating obesity-related cardiovascular risk.