To investigate retrospectively, based on routine clinical records in an optometric office, the effect of refractive under-correction of the myopic spectacle prescription on myopic progression in children and young adults. Patient records of children and young-adult myopes in a private optometric practice in Glendale, Arizona, USA, were initially reviewed to identify those that met the criteria. Information collected from the patient records included: age, gender, the dates and number of their visits (more than one visit was required for use of the data), final prescription, and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction. For each patient visit, the difference in spherical equivalent (SE) between the subjective refraction for maximum visual acuity and the final prescription was calculated for both the left and right eyes. Myopia progression was defined as the difference in SE between the final subjective refraction of the previous visit and that of the subsequent visit. Based on the study criteria, a total of 275 patient visits were obtained from the data collected in 76 patients. A significant positive correlation was found between the magnitude of under-correction of the refractive error and myopic progression (r=0.301, p<0.01); that is, the greater the under-correction, the greater the myopic progression. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between myopia progression and subjective refraction (r=0.166, p=0.006); that is, the greater the degree of myopia, the greater the effect of under-correction. However, there was no significant correlation between myopia progression and either age (r=-0.11, p=0.86) or gender (r=-0.82, p=0.17). Under-correction of myopia produced a small but progressively greater degree of myopic progression than did full correction. The present finding is consistent with earlier clinical trials and modeling of human myopia.

Purpose. To determine the additive effect, if any, of NITM after 1 and 2 hours of reading in different refractive groups.

Purpose. The purposes of the present study were to assess the effect of a sympathetic inhibitory pharmacologic agent, timolol maleate, on the magnitude of nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) and its decay in different refractive groups for an extended near task duration and to determine the proportion of the young adult population manifesting effective sympathetic access under naturalistic closed-loop viewing conditions.

Background: Carotenoids are present throughout retina and body its dense deposition leads to an identifiable yellow spot in the macula. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measured in the macula is vital to macular well-being and high-resolution visual acuity. MPOD has also been associated with various health and disease states. We sought to review the literature on this topic and summarize MPODs role as a measurable modifiable clinical biomarker, particularly as a measure of the eye’s antioxidant capacity in the context of oxidative damage and retinal ischemia. Methods: A literature review collated the articles relevant to MPOD, carotenoid intake or supplementation, and their influence on various health and disease states. Results: Literature reveals that MPOD can serve as a reliable biomarker for assessing the retinal defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and the deleterious effects of excessive light exposure. Elevated MPOD levels offer robust protection against the onset and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a prevalent cause of vision impairment among the elderly population. MPOD’s implications in diverse ocular conditions, including diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, have been explored, underscoring the real need for clinical measurement of MPOD. The integration of MPOD measurement into routine eye examinations presents an unparalleled opportunity for early disease detection, precise treatment planning, and longitudinal disease monitoring. Conclusions: Longitudinal investigations underscore the significance of MPOD in the context of age-related ocular diseases. These studies show promise and elucidate the dynamic nuances of MPOD’s status and importance as a measurable, modifiable clinical biomarker.