Nutritional immunity is a major facet of host defense, wherein the host immune system strategically limits pathogen access to critical nutrients, including iron, zinc, vitamins, lipids, and amino acids, to repress microbial proliferation and virulence. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the molecular mechanisms that power nutrient immunity, including metal homeostasis, nutrient competition, transporter modulation, hormonal regulation, and direct antimicrobial actions. We examine nutrient-specific strategies employed by the host, such as iron-withholding mechanisms, vitamin deprivation, and copper-mediated toxicity. We also explore how diverse pathogens, including extracellular, intracellular, and eukaryotic pathogens, adapt to these hostile nutritional landscapes through siderophore diversification, regulatory integration, and metabolic rewiring. Comparative genomic analyses reveal convergent evolution in nutrient acquisition systems, illuminating the dynamic arms race between host restriction and microbial evasion. We examine the immunological mechanisms that regulate nutritional immunity. Further, we discuss the translational potential of nutritional immunity, cutting across nutrient-based therapies, host-directed interventions, and emerging diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we suggest future directions that synergize nutritional immunity with microbiome ecology, global malnutrition, and personalized medicine. By elucidating the interconnection between metabolism and immunity, this review highlights the therapeutic promise of starving or toxifying the pathogen to save the host.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes syndrome, is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis and pregnancy complications, accompanied by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). These antibodies target anionic phospholipids or protein–phospholipid complexes within cell membranes, contributing to the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Although anticoagulation therapy remains the cornerstone of APS management, it often fails to prevent complications, particularly in obstetric and thrombotic cases. As autoimmune diseases become increasingly linked to alterations in the gut microbiome, this study investigates the complex interaction between gut bacteria and immune modulation in APS. We explore how disruptions in the gut microbiome may influence the development of autoimmune conditions, with a specific focus on APS. By identifying key microorganisms potentially involved in this gut–immune axis, we aim to provide insights into novel preventive and control approaches. Future research should focus on harnessing the gut microbiome to develop more effective treatments that target both the immune system and microbial populations in APS patients.

Antibodies are highly specialized glycoproteins produced by B cells in response to antigenic stimulation. They are a major component of the adaptive immune system and play a key role in host defenses by detecting, neutralizing, and eliminating foreign antigens. Over the years, their roles have transcended mere immune biomarkers due to their unique specificity, affinity maturation, and structural versatility, making them indispensable tools in biomedical research, including vaccine design, therapeutic development, and diagnostics. In this work, we examine the structural and functional basis of antibody bioactivity while highlighting key engineering strategies, including Fc modification, glycosylation engineering, and the development of novel antibody formats. We also considered the application of engineered antibodies in infectious disease and cancer prevention and treatment, focusing on current challenges, and proposing emerging directions that position antibody engineering as a transformative approach in future biomedical research and innovation.

Background: Cholera and COVID-19 represent a dual burden on healthcare systems, especially in low-resource settings. Despite their significant impact, data on their co-occurrence and interaction remain unreliable. This is primarily due to limited and fragmented data availability, which affects our understanding of the relationship between these two diseases. This systematic review aims to address these gaps by summarizing the current state of knowledge and identifying specific data deficiencies. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was limited to studies published from January 2020 to December 2023. Specific search terms included “cholera and COVID-19 co-infection,” “cholera outbreaks during COVID-19,” and “impact of COVID-19 on cholera.” The Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, including relevance to the topic, quality of the data, and geographical scope. The Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, including relevance to the topic, quality of the data, and geographical scope. Results: A total of 18 studies were identified, encompassing a range of geographic locations and study designs. A meta-analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (95% confidence interval, CI=0.80, 0.99) between COVID-19 and cholera coinfection and comorbidity in Africa and Asia. Specifically, the correlation was observed between the frequency of cholera cases and the incidence of COVID-19, highlighting how the pandemic exacerbated cholera outbreaks in certain regions. Conclusions: The findings highlight the essential need for improved data collection and surveillance to better understand and manage the dual burden of cholera and COVID-19. The systematic review also highlights significant publication bias and data limitations, suggesting that future research should focus on addressing these gaps through enhanced data collection methods and rigorous analysis. Recommendations include developing targeted interventions to improve vaccination coverage and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices, alongside strategies to counteract misinformation about vaccines. PROSPERO Registration ID: CRD42023485040

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) otherwise known as Hughes syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease typically linked with characteristic features like thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Although anticoagulation is the current flagship treatment for APS, there are reports indicating a considerable failure following this regimen in a significant number of obstetric APS and thrombotic APS cases. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) bind anionic phospholipids or protein-phospholipid complexes within the cell membrane. Here, we gave a general overview of the biology of APS and the human gut microbiome, our current understanding of the gut bacteria-immune axis in autoimmunity focus on the potential link to APS, highlighting the implicated microorganisms in this context, and proposing recommendations on future therapeutic development.

Background: Cholera and COVID-19 represent a dual burden on healthcare systems, especially in low-resource settings. Despite their significant impact, data on their co-occurrence and interaction remain unreliable. This is primarily due to limited and fragmented data availability, which affects our understanding of the relationship between these two diseases. This systematic review aims to address these gaps by summarizing the current state of knowledge and identifying specific data deficiencies. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was limited to studies published from January 2020 to December 2023. Specific search terms included “cholera and COVID-19 co-infection,” “cholera outbreaks during COVID-19,” and “impact of COVID-19 on cholera.” The Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, including relevance to the topic, quality of the data, and geographical scope. The Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, including relevance to the topic, quality of the data, and geographical scope. Results: A total of 18 studies were identified, encompassing a range of geographic locations and study designs. A meta-analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (95% confidence interval, CI=0.80, 0.99) between COVID-19 and cholera coinfection and comorbidity in Africa and Asia. Specifically, the correlation was observed between the frequency of cholera cases and the incidence of COVID-19, highlighting how the pandemic exacerbated cholera outbreaks in certain regions. Conclusions: The findings highlight the essential need for improved data collection and surveillance to better understand and manage the dual burden of cholera and COVID-19. The systematic review also highlights significant publication bias and data limitations, suggesting that future research should focus on addressing these gaps through enhanced data collection methods and rigorous analysis. Recommendations include developing targeted interventions to improve vaccination coverage and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices, alongside strategies to counteract misinformation about vaccines. PROSPERO Registration ID: CRD42023485040