Emergence of the resistance in microbial population is a major threat to both animal and human health. In bovine, the development of microbial resistance is a persistent threat for health especially in the form of zoonotic pandemics due to viral and multidrug bacterial resistance. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in microbes are of natural as well as acquired origin. There are half dozen molecular mechanisms identified that possibly cause the emergence and transfer of antimicrobial resistance within and between different bacterial genera. These mechanisms include degradation of the antibacterial drug by the bacterial enzymes, reduced permeability of the drug by bacteria, increased efflux of the drug, modification of drug target and use of alternative pathways by bacterial cells. Various assays viz. disk diffusion test and E-test, focusing on minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobials, have been employed to detect the antimicrobial resistance in microbes. The most important factor responsible for the development of multidrug resistance in bovine pathogenic microbes is irrational use of the antibiotics. Antibiotics are necessary evil, so judicious use of antibiotics, early detection of infections, vaccination, use of immune-modulators and medicinal plants or their derivatives are some of the strategies to reduce the possible emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

Recent days, feed biotechnology is creating land mark differences among traditional and sustainable poultry formulations. Biotechnology is now enables us to incorporate useful additives in broilers ration like enzymes, probiotics and more absorbable mineral sources. Individual effect of each additive had been explored extensively but combined effect of chelated minerals, enzymes and probiotics was studied in this research for sustainable broiler production. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Nutri biyo® (Nb) on different growth and physiological parameters in broilers. A total of 240 day-old chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments having 6 replicates each (10 birds per replicate). The treatments were T0 (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 0.5 g Nb), T2 (basal diet + 1 g Nb) and T3 (basal diet + 1.5 g Nb). During starter, finisher and overall duration, growth performance was improved in group receiving the highest inclusion of Nb. Furthermore, total tract nutrient digestibility, immune organ index and meat quality (springiness, chewiness, adhesiveness, compression, shear force and hardness values, ) were observed significant (p < 0.05) in birds fed with 1.5 g of Nb as compared to control group on both 21st and 35th day. Antibody titers, carcass characteristics (carcass, thigh, heart, gizzard, back and proventriculus percentages), ileal digestibility (crude protein, dry matter, and ether extract) and bone measurements (tibia length, weight, wall thickness, and structural indicators) were improved (p < 0.05) by T3 group. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, packed cell volume, lymphocyte and red blood cell counts revealed significant increases in birds fed 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg. Other hematological parameters, crude fiber (ileal) digestibility, breast, liver, wings and pancreas weights remained unchanged. These findings suggest Nutri Biyo^® at 1.5 g dose level as an effective feed additive for improving overall broiler performance.

The conversion of agricultural land for urban purposes is a critical global challenge that carries substantial economic, environmental, and social consequences. This study investigates the patterns and drivers of agricultural land conversion in Faisalabad, Pakistan, by analysing farmers’ perceptions, demographic influences and the role of urbanisation pressures. Research was conducted in the tehsil of Faisalabad (Sadar). The purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from respondents, with consultation with DDA, ADA, AO, and field assistant Faisalabad. Five villages were selected by using the snowball sampling technique. According to the lists obtained from AO Faisalabad (sadar) the population of these villages was 712. Sample size was calculated by using an online website (www.surveysystem.com). Keeping Confidence Level 95% and confidence interval 8, which was 124. A well-structured interview schedule was prepared for data collection. The interview schedule was pre-tested to check its validity and reliability. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used analyzing the data. Using a mixed-methods approach comprising structured interviews, focus group discussions and statistical analyses, the study highlights key agricultural issues leading to urbanization, impacts of housing societies on food supply and socio-economic dynamics shaping farmers' decisions. Findings reveal that limited access to resources, market volatility and youth disinterest in farming are major drivers of land conversion. The study integrates Change Theory and explores drivers of convergence affecting agricultural sustainability. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to balance urban growth with agricultural preservation, ensuring long-term food security and rural livelihoods.