Tissue engineering embraces the potential of recreating and replacing defective body parts by advancements in the medical field. Being a biocompatible nanomaterial with outstanding physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, graphene-based materials were successfully employed in creating the perfect scaffold for a range of organs, starting from the skin through to the brain. Investigations on 2D and 3D tissue culture scaffolds incorporated with graphene or its derivatives have revealed the capability of this carbon material in mimicking in vivo environment. The porous morphology, great surface area, selective permeability of gases, excellent mechanical strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity, good optical properties, and biodegradability enable graphene materials to be the best component for scaffold engineering. Along with the apt microenvironment, this material was found to be efficient in differentiating stem cells into specific cell types. Furthermore, the scope of graphene nanomaterials in liver tissue engineering as a promising biomaterial is also discussed. This review critically looks into the unlimited potential of graphene-based nanomaterials in future tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.

Cancer nanotechnology encourages cutting edge research utilizing nanomaterials for the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of cancer. Recognition of cancer-related biomarkers in the body has made early detection possible and thus, paves the way towards devising methods to control it from progressing to advanced stages. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a critical biomolecule, which plays an important dual role in cancer progression. Herein, we have developed a sensitive method for the detection of H₂O₂ utilizing a reduced graphene oxide–silver (RGO–Ag) nanocomposite. This RGO–Ag nanocomposite was prepared using a green and facile one-step synthesis approach utilizing the extract of a medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. The higher content of polysaccharides in this extract makes it a potent reducing agent for the combined reduction of GO and AgNO₃ to produce the RGO–Ag nanocomposite. The properties of the RGO–Ag obtained were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS techniques. The RGO–Ag modified electrode showed good electrocatalytic activity towards H₂O₂ when compared to other modified electrodes. Furthermore, it showed an LOD of 136 nM, which was determined using the LSV technique. The amperometric i–t curve displayed two different linear ranges of 1–100 μM and 100–1100 μM with an LOD of 3 and 56 nM, respectively. This excellent electrochemical performance towards H₂O₂ detection could contribute to advances in current cancer diagnosis. The RGO–Ag nanocomposite was also explored as a potential antibacterial agent. Owing to its synergistic effects, RGO–Ag showed a comparable antibacterial activity to the standard antibiotic, chloramphenicol. The combined antibacterial effects and sensing potential make this RGO–Ag nanocomposite a promising candidate for future health care.

Metastasis of lung carcinoma to breast and vice versa accounts for one of the vast majority of cancer deaths. Synergistic treatments are proven to be the effective method to inhibit malignant cell proliferation. It is highly advantageous to use the minimum amount of a potent toxic drug, such as paclitaxel (Ptx) in ng/ml together with a natural and safe anticancer drug, curcumin (Cur) to reduce the systemic toxicity. However, both Cur and Ptx suffer from poor bioavailability. Herein, a drug delivery cargo was engineered by functionalizing reduced graphene oxide (G) with an amphiphilic polymer, PF-127 (P) by hydrophobic assembly. The drugs were loaded via pi-pi interactions, resulting in a nano-sized GP-Cur-Ptx of 140 nm. A remarkably high Cur loading of 678 wt.% was achieved, the highest thus far compared to any other Cur nanoformulations. Based on cell proliferation assay, GP-Cur-Ptx is a synergistic treatment (CI < 1) and is highly potent towards lung, A549 (IC₅₀ = 13.24 μg/ml) and breast, MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ = 1.450 μg/ml) cancer cells. These positive findings are further confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential depletion and cell apoptosis. The same dose treated on normal MRC-5 cells shows that the system is biocompatible and cancerous cell-specific.

Background: Background: Enhanced agricultural production is essential for increasing demand of the growing world population. At the same time, to combat the adverse effects caused by conventional agriculture practices to the environment along with the impact on human health and food security, a sustainable and healthy agricultural production needs to be practiced using beneficial microorganisms for enhanced yield. It is quite challenging because these microorganisms have rich biosynthetic repositories to produce biomolecules of interest; however, the intensive research in allied sectors and emerging genetic tools for improved microbial consortia are accepting new approaches that are helpful to farmers and agriculturists to meet the ever-increasing demand of sustainable food production. An important advancement is improved strain development via genetically engineered microbial systems (GEMS) as well as genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs) possessing known and upgraded functional characteristics to promote sustainable agriculture and food security. With the development of novel technologies such as DNA automated synthesis, sequencing and influential computational tools, molecular biology has entered the systems biology and synthetic biology era. More recently, CRISPR/Cas has been engineered to be an important tool in genetic engineering for various applications in the agri sector. The research in sustainable agriculture is progressing tremendously through GMOs/GEMS for their potential use in biofertilizers and as biopesticides.Conclusion: In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of engineered microorganisms through integrated sustainable agriculture production practices to improve the soil microbial health in order to increase crop productivity.