Most existing hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithms primarily rely on spatial information to identify anomalous targets. However, they often overlook the spatial–spectral gradient information inherent in hyperspectral images, which can lead to decreased detection accuracy. To address this limitation, we propose a novel hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithm that incorporates both local sub-block contrast and spatial–spectral gradient features. In this approach, a grid block window is utilized to capture local spatial information. To effectively detect low-contrast targets, we introduce a novel local sub-block ratio-multiply contrast method that enhances anomalous regions while suppressing the background. Additionally, to mitigate the challenges posed by complex backgrounds, a feature extraction technique based on spatial–spectral gradients is proposed. To account for the spectral reflectance differences between anomalous targets and the background, we further introduce a local sub-block ratio-difference contrast method to compute preliminary detection scores. The final anomaly detection results are obtained by merging these two detection scores. The key advantage of the proposed method lies in its ability to exploit local gradient characteristics within hyperspectral images, thereby resolving the issue of edge features being misidentified as anomalies. This method also effectively reduces the impact of noise on detection accuracy. Experimental validation based on four real-world datasets demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms seven state-of-the-art techniques, showing superior performance in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations.

In the field of hyperspectral video tracking (HVT), occclusion poses a challenging issue without a satisfactory solution. To address this challenge, the current study explores the application of capsule networks in HVT and proposes an approach based on octave convolution and a spatial–spectral capsule network (OCSCNet). Specifically, the spatial–spectral octave convolution module is designed to learn features from hyperspectral images by integrating spatial and spectral information. Hence, unlike traditional convolution, which is limited to learning spatial features, the proposed strategy also focuses on learning and modeling the spectral features. The proposed spatial–spectral capsule network integrates spectral information to distinguish among underlying capsule categories based on their spectral similarity. The approach enhances separability and establishes relationships between different components and targets at various scales. Finally, a confidence threshold judgment module utilizes the information from the initial and adjacent frames for relocating the lost target. Experiments conducted on the HOT2023 dataset illustrate that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving a success rate of 65.2% and a precision of 89.3%. In addition, extensive experimental results and visualizations further demonstrate the effectiveness and interpretability of the proposed OCSCNet.

In order to address the problems of in-plane rotation and fast motion during near-infrared (NIR) video target tracking, this study explores the application of capsule networks in NIR video and proposes a capsule network method based on background information and spectral position prediction. First, the history frame background information extraction module is proposed. This module performs spectral matching on the history frame images through the average spectral curve of the groundtruth value of the target and makes a rough distinction between the target and the background. On this basis, the background information of history frames is stored as a background pool for subsequent operations. The proposed background target routing module combines the traditional capsule network algorithm with spectral information. Specifically, the similarity between the target capsule and the background capsule in the spectral feature space is calculated, and the capsule weight allocation mechanism is dynamically adjusted. Thus, the discriminative ability of the target and background is strengthened. Finally, the spectral information position prediction module locates the center of the search region in the next frame by fusing the position information and spectral features of adjacent frames with the current frame. This module effectively reduces the computational complexity of feature extraction by capsule networks and improves tracking stability. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the novel framework achieves superior performance compared to current methods, attaining a 70.3% success rate and 88.4% accuracy on near-infrared (NIR) data. Meanwhile, for visible spectrum (VIS) data analysis, the architecture maintains competitive effectiveness with a 59.6% success rate and 78.8% precision.