Today’s awareness of environmental pollution and the idea of creating a reuse area for waste is one of the trend topics. The base opinion, regarding the reuse of any material is that all resources are inherently limited in the world. In the ethical approach, it is a moral issue that people take responsibility for future generations to protect nature. Eggshells are one of the most used natural biomasses. And natural harmless eggshells deserve to be researched to reveal their potential. The aim of this study, blending the characterization processes with the research published until now, finding criteria for the unique structures and application capacities of eggshell species, ensures choosing the right type as biomass in the industry, and directing the eggshell usage to the appropriate applications and industries. In many industries, finding benchmarks of eggshell types in their unique structures and application capacity gives a clue to selecting the right type and directing the eggshells to a suitable place. In this study, different species of eggshell (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica, Anser Anser, Denizli Hen, Alectoris Chukar, and Struthio Camelus) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, AFM, Stereo Microscope, SEM, XRF, and TGA analysis. Calcined forms of eggshell samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XRF analysis. TGA analysis results are used as a precursor to determine the temperature of calcination (800–900°). XRD results show that the CaCO₃ peak is 2Ɵ=29.58° for all eggshells. The reason why this peak is not observed after the calcination process is that the entire CaCO₃ structure is converted to CaO. In FTIR results, the C-O stretching band which is observed at 1424 cm^− 1 is the main characteristic band of selected eggshell species. When AFM images are examined, it is seen that the surface of small eggshells is rougher, while the surface of the eggshell becomes smoother as the egg size increases. SEM and stereo microscope images show that the shell thickness increases as the egg size increases.

The experimental Fourier Transform-Infrared, Raman, and Ultraviolet-Visible spectral data along with the theoretical quantum chemical calculations for phenylenediamine isomers were investigated in detail. Vibrational modes were assigned by potential energy distributions. Energy gap, ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity descriptors were obtained from frontier molecular orbitals. Molecular electrostatic potential surfaces were plotted to estimate chemical reactivity at isomers. It was aimed to determine the isomeric effect on the characterization of molecules by theoretical and experimental analysis. By using DFT/B3LYP method with aug-cc-PVDZ basis set, the structural and spectral properties of the molecule studied were interpreted.

Aromatic nitro compounds, which have good water solubility, are one of the essential industrial pollutants, highly toxic and non-biodegradable, and adversely affect human health, aquatic life, and the environment. For this reason, eliminating these harmful organic compounds has become a subject of great importance and is frequently studied. In this study, we have investigated the adsorption of m-toluidine on three types of eggshells characterized by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Also, the theoretical analysis of these harmful organic was determined using density functional theory on GAUSSIAN 09 software program. Molecular electrostatic analysis, Infrared and Raman vibrational bands, frontier molecular orbitals, and molecular geometry were investigated for this purpose.

In this study, the magnetic properties of Si(100)/X5/(Co0.3/Ni0.5)3/Y5 (X: Pt, Cu and Y: Pt, Cu, all thicknesses are nm) multilayers were investigated using ferromagnetic resonance technique (FMR). In sample sets all layers (buffer, cap, and Co) were grown by magnetron sputtering while Ni sub-layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at high vacuum. The effective magnetic anisotropy is 300 mT when copper is used as the buffer and cap layer, 290 mT when the buffer layer is copper, and the cap layer is Pt. On the other hand, it is seen that the effective magnetic anisotropy is 350 mT when Pt is used as buffer and cap layer, and 150 mT when Pt buffer and Cu cap layer are used. Furthermore, magnetic easy axis is out of plane when the Pt buffer layer is used, while the magnetic easy axis is parallel to the plane when the Cu buffer layer is used. The results show that the buffer and cap layers of Co/Ni thin films, which are frequently used in the field of spintronics influence the magnetic properties.

Defining the adsorption behavior of common pheasant Phasianus Colchicus (PC) eggshells for some metal ions (Pb, Cu, Al, and Ag) is the subject of this study. In addition to that, these metals have also been chosen in many studies to prevent environmental pollution. In this study, the adsorption of some metal ions (Pb, Cu, Al and Ag) to Phasianus Colchicus (PC) eggshell was investigated by some spectroscopic methods. The adsorption process has taken place in an aqueous solution. Differences in inner, outer and membrane surface of Phasianus Colchicus (PC) eggshell were examined with AFM images, FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the main structure of the eggshell, before and after adsorption. To detect the concentration of each metal on eggshell samples, the ICP-OES spectrometric technique is used. The results show that Phasianus Colchicus (PC) eggshell can be used as a biosorbent for adsorption of Pb, Cu, Al, and Ag from water.