Antibiotic resistance decreases success of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication. Recently published results show low rate of resistance and better compliance with moxifloxacin based regiments.

In the last year, we are facing a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 which causes a disease called COVID-19. In everyday practice, we encounter a number of issues related to IBD patients and COVID-19. So far, we have a lot of information regarding issues of IBD patients and COVID-19, but they are scattered across numerous scientific articles. In this review, we have made a synthesis of previous knowledge regarding the main issues such as IBD patients and risk of SARS-CoV-2infection/COVID-19, outcomes of IBD patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, treatment of IBD patients in the pandemic era, endoscopy in the pandemic era, vaccination, and patient’s perception and well-being during the pandemic era. The main goal of our paper is to summarize current knowledge in this literature review.

Cytoprotection provides a conceptual framework for the preservation and restoration of tissue integrity under conditions of noxious injury. In liver disease, however, effective protection may require more than direct limitation of hepatocellular damage, encompassing endothelial function, microcirculation, vascular homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hemodynamics. This review examines possibilities for cytoprotective liver therapy, with particular emphasis on stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and comparison with established or experimentally investigated agents, including N-acetylcysteine, ursodeoxycholic acid, corticosteroids, resveratrol, L-arginine, curcumin, sildenafil, VEGF-related approaches, stem cell therapies, melatonin, simvastatin, prostacyclin analogues, and coenzyme Q10. Evidence is considered across representative experimental models of acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, bile duct ligation, and alcohol-induced liver injury. The diversity of effective agents indicates that liver injury involves multiple interconnected pathological mechanisms and that preservation of hepatocellular integrity may be achieved through different pharmacological pathways. BPC 157 is distinguished by evidence of beneficial effects across these major models and additional vascular and occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes. In particular, reported findings indicate prevention and reversal of experimentally induced portal hypertension, including prehepatic, intrahepatic, and posthepatic disturbances, together with attenuation of hepatic congestion, thrombosis, oxidative injury, and associated multiorgan dysfunction. These findings support the concept that cytoprotection may extend from hepatoprotection to restoration of vascular and tissue homeostasis. Collectively, the available preclinical evidence supports further investigation of integrated cytoprotective strategies for liver injury. Nevertheless, experimental evidence, however extensive, does not establish clinical efficacy, and appropriately designed clinical studies remain necessary to determine therapeutic applicability in human liver disease.

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of various malignancies, but their use is frequently accompanied by immune-related adverse events, among which immune-mediated colitis (IMC) represents one of the most common and clinically significant gastrointestinal toxicities. IMC may lead to treatment interruption, increased morbidity, and compromised quality of life. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and emerging therapeutic strategies with particular emphasis on the role of the gut microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Methods: This review integrates current international guidelines, meta-analyses, clinical trials, and recent translational studies addressing IMC. The available evidence on immunological mechanisms, predictive biomarkers, clinical presentation, diagnostic algorithms, and treatment options was critically synthesized to outline a structured and multidisciplinary management approach. Results: IMC is driven by dysregulated immune activation, cytokine release, and alterations in gut microbiota. Incidence and severity vary according to ICI class, combination regimens, tumor type, and patient-related factors. Diagnosis requires exclusion of infectious causes, laboratory assessment, and endoscopic and histologic evaluation with CTCAE-based severity grading. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of first-line therapy, while infliximab and vedolizumab are effective in steroid-refractory cases. Emerging therapies, including JAK inhibitors and FMT, have shown promising results in refractory disease. Conclusions: IMC is a complex and potentially severe complication of ICI therapy that necessitates early recognition, accurate grading, and individualized, multidisciplinary management. Severity-guided treatment, timely escalation to biologics, and careful balancing of immunosuppression with antitumor efficacy are essential for optimal outcomes. Future research should focus on biomarker validation, microbiome-targeted therapies, and prospective trials to refine therapeutic algorithms and define the optimal role and timing of FMT in clinical practice.