During the last few decades, the main focus of numerous studies has been on the human breast milk microbiota and its influence on the infant intestinal microbiota and overall health. The presence of lactic acid bacteria in breast milk affects both the quantitative and qualitative composition of the infant gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to assess the most frequently detected cultivable rod-shaped lactobacilli, specific for breast milk of healthy Bulgarian women and fecal samples of their infants over the first month of life, in 14 mother–infant tandem pairs. Additionally, we evaluated the strain diversity among the most common isolated species. A total of 68 Gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were subjected to identification using the MALDI-TOF technique. Predominant cultivable populations belonging to the rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria have been identified as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri. Also, we confirmed the presence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus gasseri. Up to 26 isolates were selected as representatives and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing for strain identity confirmation and a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence was constructed. Comparative analysis by four RAPD primers revealed genetic differences between newly isolated predominant L. rhamnosus strains. This pilot study provides data for the current first report concerning the investigation of the characteristic cultivable lactobacilli isolated from human breast milk and infant feces in Bulgaria.

During the last few decades, the main focus of numerus studies has been on the human breast milk microbiota and its influence on the infant intestinal microbiota and overall health. The presence of lactic acid bacteria in breast milk affects both the quantitative and qualitative composition of the infant gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to assess the dominant cultivable rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria, specific for breast milk of healthy Bulgarian women and fecal samples of their infants over the first month of life, in 14 mother-infant tandem pairs. Additionally, we evaluated strain diversity among the dominant newly isolated species. 68 gram-positive and catalase negative strains were subjected to identification by using MALDI-TOF technique. Predominant culturable populations belonging to the rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria have been identified as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Limosilactobacillus reuteri. Also, we confirmed the presence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus gasseri. 27 isolates were selected as representatives and analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing for strain identity confirmation and a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA gene sequence was constructed. Comparative analysis by four RAPD primers revealed genetic differences between newly isolated L. rhamnosus strains. This pilot study provides data for the current first report concerning investigation on characteristic microbiota of human breast milk and infant feces in Bulgaria.

In November 2025, an outbreak of Enterococcus cecorum in two commercial broiler flocks in southern Bulgaria were investigated. Clinical signs, including lameness and recumbency, appeared at approximately 20 days of age, and mortality reached 2.8% and 3.7%. Necropsy revealed systemic and osteoarticular lesions, including fibrinous pericarditis, hepatitis, splenomegaly, and osteomyelitis. E. cecorum was isolated in pure culture from 11 of 13 examined birds and confirmed by sodA-targeted PCR. The isolates carried the virulence-associated genes psaA, gelE, and ace, five tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetK, tetC, tetS, and tetT), and the macrolide resistance gene ermB. This study documents early-onset systemic E. cecorum disease in Bulgarian broilers and highlights the need for further phenotypic and genomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance.