Gracilaria lamaneiformis, a red seaweed, is an abundant source of bioactive polysaccharides with significant health-promoting properties. Nevertheless, the broad application of G. lamaneiformis in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors remains constrained due to the absence of comprehensive data. This review provides a detailed examination of the preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activities of G. lamaneiformis polysaccharides (GLPs). We explore both conventional and advanced extraction techniques, highlighting the efficiency and yield improvements achieved through methods such as microwave-, ultrasonic-, and enzyme-assisted extraction. The structural elucidation of GLPs using modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is discussed, providing comprehensive insights into their molecular composition and configuration. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the diverse biological activities of GLPs, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and gut microbiota modulation properties. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of GLPs and suggests future research directions to fully harness their health benefits.

Gracilaria lamaneiformis, a red seaweed, is an abundant source of bioactive polysaccharides with significant health-promoting properties. Nevertheless, the broad application of G. lamaneiformis in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors remains constrained due to the absence of comprehensive data. This review provides a detailed examination of the preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activities of G. lamaneiformis polysaccharides (GLP). We explore both conventional and advanced extraction techniques, highlighting the efficiency and yield improvements achieved through methods such as microwave-, ultrasonic-, and enzyme-assisted extraction. The structural elucidation of GLP using modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is discussed, providing comprehensive insights into their molecular composition and configuration. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the diverse biological activities of GLP, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and gut microbiota modulation properties. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of GLP and suggests future research directions to fully harness their health benefits.

Testicular tissue cryopreservation is a key strategy for preserving fertility in adult males, yet optimal cryoprotective protocols have yet to be established. This study evaluated the effects of varying concentrations of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS, 0–25%) and chitosan (CS, 0–25%) on rabbit testicular tissues. Right testes from 35 male New Zealand rabbits were assigned to COS groups and left testes to CS groups. Each group was further divided into seven subgroups: fresh control, 0% control, and 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% treatment groups. After one month of slow freezing, tissues were assessed by histomorphological scoring (cell swelling, cell loss, basement membrane integrity, and seminiferous tubule architecture) and seminiferous tubule diameter measurement. The 20% COS group achieved the highest histomorphological score, significantly exceeding the 0% control and comparable to the fresh control. Among CS treatments, the 15% group yielded the best score, also significantly higher than the 0% control. All frozen groups exhibited significantly reduced seminiferous tubule diameters compared with the fresh control, and these diameter changes did not correlate with the morphological scores. Concentrations exceeding the optimal level led to lose tubular structure and severe exfoliation of epithelial cells, suggesting that excessive osmotic stress may have contributed to the observed structural damage. COS demonstrated superior cryoprotection compared with CS under the present experimental conditions, which may be attributed to its lower molecular weight and improved diffusibility. These findings indicate that COS may represent a promising candidate for optimizing polysaccharide-based cryoprotectants in testicular tissue banking, although further functional validation is required.