Beta-glucans (β-glucans) are polysaccharides with significant biological activity, widely recognized for their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic health benefits. Among various sources, yeast-derived β-(1 → 3), (1 → 6)-glucans have gained particular attention due to their potent bioactivity and diverse applications in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods. This review comprehensively examines yeast β-glucans, covering their biosynthesis, extraction, and purification from industrially relevant yeast strains, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The impact of fermentation parameters on β-glucan yield and structural properties is analyzed, highlighting advancements in optimizing microbial production. Furthermore, we discuss methods for characterizing yeast β-glucans, including analytical and bioassay techniques, and compare their physicochemical properties with those of β-glucans from other sources. Finally, this review explores the therapeutic potential of yeast-derived β-glucans, focusing on their role in immunomodulation and metabolic regulation and their emerging applications in biomedicine, functional foods, and industrial formulations. By synthesizing recent advancements, this work provides insights into the expanding utilization of yeast β-glucans and their potential for future biotechnological developments.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) still prevails and continues to increase indiscriminately throughout the 21st century, and is thus responsible for the depreciating quality of health and associated sectors. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by a significant amassment of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles near the hippocampus, leading to the consequent loss of cognitive abilities. Conventionally, amyloid and tau hypotheses have been established as the most prominent in providing detailed insight into the disease pathogenesis and revealing the associative biomarkers intricately involved in AD progression. Nanotheranostic deliberates rational thought toward designing efficacious nanosystems and strategic endeavors for AD diagnosis and therapeutic implications. The exceeding advancements in this field enable the scientific community to envisage and conceptualize pharmacokinetic monitoring of the drug, sustained and targeted drug delivery responses, fabrication of anti-amyloid therapeutics, and enhanced accumulation of the targeted drug across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thus giving an optimistic approach towards personalized and precision medicine. Current methods idealized on the design and bioengineering of an array of nanoparticulate systems offer higher affinity towards neurocapillary endothelial cells and the BBB. They have recently attracted intriguing attention to the early diagnostic and therapeutic measures taken to manage the progression of the disease. In this article, we tend to furnish a comprehensive outlook, the detailed mechanism of conventional AD pathogenesis, and new findings. We also summarize the shortcomings in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches undertaken to alleviate AD, thus providing a unique window towards nanotheranostic advancements without disregarding potential drawbacks, side effects, and safety concerns.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale, membrane-bound particles secreted by diverse cell types and act as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication during bone regeneration. These vesicles transport bioactive cargo including proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs that modulate osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune responses within the bone microenvironment. EVs originating from mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages have demonstrated substantial potential to promote bone formation, inhibit bone resorption, and enhance vascularization. This review examines the biogenesis, classification, and cellular uptake mechanisms of EVs, focusing on their roles in osteogenesis and their therapeutic applications in fracture healing, osteoporosis, and bone tissue engineering. Despite their promise, significant challenges remain, including the need for standardization, scalable production, and assessment of long-term safety to enable clinical translation of EV-based therapies. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of EV biology, elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EVs in bone regeneration, and discuss innovative strategies to optimize their therapeutic efficacy, highlighting their potential as next-generation orthobiologics.

Cell recovery from near-death states is a critical yet poorly understood aspect of cell biology. Here, we describe a tightly-regulated programmed cell revival process after exposure of cells to cell death-inducing lysosomotropic agents, such as L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLOMe). In the initial stage of cell recovery, we observe increased chromatin accessibility and upregulation of genes and pathways associated with embryonic development, regeneration, stemness, and inflammation. Subsequently, vital pathways governing metabolism, organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking, transport, and cytoskeleton remodeling are activated, resulting in the complete renewal of cells. Consistent with the links of this transcriptional profile to tissue repair and regeneration, we found LLOMe to enhance the healing of skin wounds and corneal alkali burns in mice, promote hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell production in Drosophila melanogaster , induce tadpole tail regeneration in frogs, and mediate axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans . Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show NF-ĸB signaling to be critical for both cell revival and regeneration. This study characterizes cell revival from near-death conditions as a programmed cell-intrinsic mechanism, which could be harnessed for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising cell-free therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine due to their ability to deliver bioactive molecules with enhanced stability and low immunogenicity. Their potential to replicate stem cell functions without the risks of live-cell transplantation has catalyzed a surge in global research. Objective: This study aims to perform a scientometric analysis of EV-based regenerative medicine research from 2014 to 2024, identifying publication trends, influential contributors, thematic clusters, and translational challenges. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed using CiteSpace software. The analysis included journal impact mapping, co-authorship networks, co-citation analysis, and thematic cluster identification. Metrics such as citation bursts, total link strength, and silhouette values were used to assess influence and thematic coherence. Results: The most prolific journals were Stem Cell Research & Therapy and International Journal of Molecular Sciences. China led in publication volume, while the USA dominated citation impact. Foundational works by Théry and Lai, including the MISEV guidelines, shaped methodological standards. Nine thematic clusters were identified, including oxidative stress, small EVs, mesenchymal stromal cells, muscle regeneration, and chronic kidney disease. A strategic shift toward engineered EVs and novel sources such as iPSCs and macrophages was evident. Key translational barriers include lack of standardization, scalability issues, and regulatory ambiguity. Conclusions: EV-based therapies are transitioning from foundational research to clinical application. Overcoming methodological and regulatory challenges will be critical to realizing their full therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.