In this paper, we investigate the use of fat tissue as a communication channel between in-body, implanted devices at R-band frequencies (1.7–2.6 GHz). The proposed fat channel is based on an anatomical model of the human body. We propose a novel probe that is optimized to efficiently radiate the R-band frequencies into the fat tissue. We use our probe to evaluate the path loss of the fat channel by studying the channel transmission coefficient over the R-band frequencies. We conduct extensive simulation studies and validate our results by experimentation on phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, with good agreement between simulations and experiments. We demonstrate a performance comparison between the fat channel and similar waveguide structures. Our characterization of the fat channel reveals propagation path loss of ∼0.7 dB and ∼1.9 dB per cm for phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, respectively. These results demonstrate that fat tissue can be used as a communication channel for high data rate intra-body networks.

A multi-purpose dual Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system for 5G mobile systems is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of two sets of MIMO antennas on a single board. The 8-port MIMO antenna, placed on the board, is working over 3.5 GHz (3.4 GHz-3.6 GHz) 5G band with dimensions 150 mm ×70 mm. The 4-port MIMO system, placed on the chassis, is operating over 5.2 GHz WLAN/5.5 GHz WiMAX/5.8 GHz/6 GHz WiFi band with dimensions 20 mm × 7 mm. The prototype is designed and fabricated on FR4 (ε _r =4.4 and tanδ = 0.02) substrate with 0.8 mm thickness. The overall design of the entire dual MIMO system is very minimal leaving ample space for other components to be placed on the board. The presence of two separate MIMO antennas in the proposed prototype aids in using the 5G frequencies and 4G frequencies independently. Since no active elements like diodes, switches etc. are involved in the proposed design to switch between different bands, the prototype is free from any ohmic losses. It is also worth noticing that the proposed antenna operates in the highly anticipated next generation WiFi 6E spectrum.

The human body can act as a medium for the transmission of electromagnetic waves in the wireless body sensor networks context. However, there are transmission losses in biological tissues due to the presence of water and salts. This Letter focuses on lateral intra‐body microwave communication through different biological tissue layers and demonstrates the effect of the tissue thicknesses by comparing signal coupling in the channel. For this work, the authors utilise the R‐band frequencies since it overlaps the industrial, scientific and medical radio (ISM) band. The channel model in human tissues is proposed based on electromagnetic simulations, validated using equivalent phantom and ex‐vivo measurements. The phantom and ex‐vivo measurements are compared with simulation modelling. The results show that electromagnetic communication is feasible in the adipose tissue layer with a low attenuation of ∼2 dB per 20 mm for phantom measurements and 4 dB per 20 mm for ex‐vivo measurements at 2 GHz. Since the dielectric losses of human adipose tissues are almost half of ex‐vivo tissue, an attenuation of around 3 dB per 20 mm is expected. The results show that human adipose tissue can be used as an intra‐body communication channel.

In this study, a metamaterial (MTM)‐based high‐gain compact‐wearable antenna for 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific and medical radio band application has been proposed. To achieve the flexibility of the antenna, textile material felt fabric has been chosen as the substrate of the antenna as well as MTM. An omega (Ω) like structure has been taken as MTM unit cell design. High value of permeability is utilised for the gain enhancement of the antenna. In addition, very low specific absorption rate (SAR) is obtained using the MTM which makes the proposed antenna suitable for the biomedical application. The proposed antenna has achieved about 3 dB gain enhancement along with SAR value of 0.405 W/kg (1 g tissue). The design has been optimised and the prototype with the optimised parameter has been fabricated and tested over the semi‐solid phantom and human body. Further, the proposed antenna over different type of textile material has also been validated.

This paper introduces a novel approach for medical image reclamation, specifically focusing on enhancing chest image resolution. The proposed method introduces the Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) with Edge Preservation Smoothing (EPS) filters to balance visual clarity. The resulting Image Reclamation system maintains high-quality results while preserving image edges. Performance validation using established metrics like Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and entropy demonstrates substantial improvements: PSNR of 31, SSIM of 0.99, RMSE of 8.25, and entropy of 1.03. Furthermore, the algorithm extracts features from the enhanced chest image through symlet transform, allowing for Bhattacharya coefficient computation and unique bin analysis to enhance image retrieval. Experimental results show efficiency gains, increasing the top 5 matching images’ retrieval score from 320 to 512. This approach promises to enhance medical image reclamation in emergency settings, facilitating quicker and more accurate diagnoses and treatments for acute chest injuries. Ultimately, this work can potentially save lives, reduce complications, and improve patient outcomes in chest trauma emergencies.

This work explores high data rate microwave communication through fat tissue in order to address the wide bandwidth requirements of intra-body area networks. We have designed and carried out experiments on an IEEE 802.15.4 based WBAN prototype by measuring the performance of the fat tissue channel in terms of data packet reception with respect to tissue length and power transmission. This paper proposes and demonstrates a high data rate communication channel through fat tissue using phantom and ex-vivo environments. Here, we achieve a data packet reception of approximately 96 % in both environments. The results also show that the received signal strength drops by ∼1 dBm per 10 mm in phantom and ∼2 dBm per 10 mm in ex-vivo. The phantom and ex-vivo experimentations validated our approach for high data rate communication through fat tissue for intra-body network applications. The proposed method opens up new opportunities for further research in fat channel communication. This study will contribute to the successful development of high bandwidth wireless intra-body networks that support high data rate implanted, ingested, injected, or worn devices.