Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) management can lead to various benefits for community livelihood and forest sustainability. However, such management has not been carried out optimally and sustainably in Indonesia, due to various limiting factors including ineffective policies, undeveloped cultivation technologies, and inadequate innovation in processing technologies. Further, the diversity of NTFPs species requires that policy-makers determine the priority species to be developed. Agarwood (Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops spp.), benzoin (Styrax spp.), sandalwood (Santalum album L.), and cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) are aromatic NTFPs species in Indonesia that forest-dwellers have utilized across generations. This paper reviews the current governance, cultivation systems, processing and valuation, and benefits and uses of these species. We also highlights the future challenges and prospects of these NTFPs species, which are expected to be useful in designing NTFPs governance, in order to maximize the associated benefits for the farmers and all related stakeholders.

Lipophilic extractives in the dichloromethane extract from Eucalyptus pellita wood and bark were identified by GC-MS. Of the various morphological parts, the bark samples contain more extractives than wood samples. The largest extractive content was measured in the bark of the top part. Four groups (i.e., free fatty acids, sterols-steroids, triterpenoids, and other compounds) were detected in all parts. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids as well as β-sitosterol dominated among of the lipophilic extractives. Long chain fatty acids were the major lipophilic groups in heartwood. Sterols-steroids were the major components in the bottom and top part of the bark. Conversely, triterpenoids and short chain-fatty acids were the minor components in bottom and top part of the bark. Very long-chain fatty acids (i.e., docosanoic, lignoceric, and hexacosanoic) were also observed. The concentration of certain lipophilic constituents, e.g., stigmast-4-en-3-one, squalene, glycerol, oleic, linoleic, hexacosanoic, and β-sitosterol, was affected by position within the tree in axial and radial directions. The higher concentration of long chain fatty acids in the heartwood as well as sterols-steroids in the bark seems to be clearly disadvantage as far as pitch formation is concerned.

The Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology (JKWST) launched in 1973 as an official publication of the Korean Society of Wood Science and Technology has been served as a core of knowledges on wood science and technology.

The presence of heartwood is one of the most important parameters in economic value that can affect the final use of wood. For construction materials, the presence of a large heartwood is very necessary, considering this will have a positive effect on the basic properties of the wood. Meanwhile, its heartwood proportion has a negative impact on the quality of pulp and paper. Therefore, this study aims to review the methods of calculating the area of the heartwood by using suitable heartwood measurement methods for better stand management and selection of raw materials in the industry. The results of the review showed that non-destructive methods were developed to measure the area of heartwood-sapwood such as computer tomography (CT-image), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), x-ray densitometry, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), so far. This is different from the destructive methods that are commonly used for visual inspection of wood color and anatomical features. During the selection of methods, the factors to be considered include cost, time, tree damage, number of samples, and efficiency in applying the methods. The visual inspection is the best option for determining the area of heartwood and sapwood. But, when the heartwood and sapwood boundaries color is unclear, chemical indicators can be performed. In addition, the ERT method can be the second alternative for tropics species. Furthermore, the method used in a study of the presence of heartwood depends on the five limiting factors mentioned previously.

Oleoresin from Pinus merkusii is one of the most important forest products in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of various stimulants and environmental factors on oleoresin yield. The first factor was the stimulant treatment, i.e., SAEt1 (20% sulfuric acid + 1% Ethephon); SAEt2 (20% sulfuric acid + 2% Ethephon); SR4 (mainly composed by sulfuric acid); ETRAT (mainly composed by ethylene and citric acid); and without stimulant spraying. The second factor was the site with different altitudes, i.e., West Banyumas (326 m asl), East Banyumas (797 m asl), and West Pekalongan (1150 m asl). Through analysis of variance, the relation between stimulant and site was highly significant in regards to the average daily oleoresin yield. The results indicated that the combination of sulfuric acid and Ethephon increased oleoresin production 1.69- to 2.85-fold compared with untreated trees, depending on the sites. The trees with SAEt1 and SAEt2 treatments yielded an equivalent amount of oleoresin compared to that of trees exposed to the SR4. The ETRAT showed the lowest resin yields compared to the other stimulants. The values of daily relative humidity and temperature did not show similar responses in all sites when correlated with daily oleoresin yield.

Serratene triterpenoids are considered chemotaxonomy compounds from the Pinaceae family, within the Pinus genus. However, no studies have been conducted on the constituents of serratene triterpenoids of Pinus merkusii. P. merkusii is the only pine species native to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the use of triterpenoids and steroids from the bark of P. merkusii as chemotaxonomic biomarkers. Five lipophilic extractives, including three triterpenoids (3β-methoxyserratt-14-en-21-one (C1), 3α,21β- dimethoxy-D14-serratene (C3), serrate-14-en-3β,21β-diol (C5)), and two steroids (stigmast-4-en-3-one (C2) and β-sitosterol (C4)), were isolated from the n-hexane extract of the bark of P. merkusii using column chromatography and thin–layer chromatography. The structures of the triterpenoids and steroids were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The discovery of serratene triterpenoids and steroids in P. merkusii bark characterizes this species as being in chemical accordance with other species of the Pinus genus and Pinaceae family.