Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) represent a transformative approach to sustainable fish farming that offers a viable solution to meet the growing global demand for seafood while minimizing environmental impact. These closed-loop systems recirculate and reuse water, reducing water consumption by up to 99% compared to traditional aquaculture methods. RAS also mitigate the risk of disease transmission, escapement, and pollution by isolating farmed fish from natural populations and the surrounding environment. Technologically advanced RAS employ mechanical filtration, biological filtration, and disinfection processes to maintain optimal water quality for fish growth. This high level of control allows for the farming of a wide range of species, including predatory finfish, in locations far from coastal areas. Furthermore, the integration of aquaponics in RAS enables the production of high-quality vegetables and herbs using the nutrient-rich wastewater, creating a sustainable closed-loop system. Despite the higher initial investment required, RAS have demonstrated consistent profitability and the potential for significant returns. By promoting "in-sourcing" and creating local jobs, RAS can contribute to the economic development of communities while reducing the carbon footprint associated with international seafood trade. As the aquaculture industry continues to evolve, RAS are poised to play a crucial role in ensuring the long-term sustainability of fish farming. By combining technological advancements with environmental stewardship, RAS offer a promising pathway towards meeting the world's growing demand for seafood while preserving the health of our aquatic ecosystems.

Biofloc technology (BFT) is an innovative approach in aquaculture that provides substantial advantages for the implementation of sustainable and efficient aquaculture techniques. BFT entails the careful management of water quality and the provision of nutrients to cultivated aquatic organisms by adding carbon sources in a balanced manner. This supports the formation of advantageous microbial communities. The biofloc is an assemblage of organic material and microbes that is abundant in proteins. It functions as a natural source of food for species such as tilapia and prawns, hence decreasing the reliance on costly commercial feeds. This self-contained system aids in water conservation, fertiliser recycling, and waste and pollution reduction in comparison to traditional aquaculture methods. BFT additionally boosts the immune system of aquatic species, diminishing the likelihood of prevalent illnesses and fostering overall well-being. Nevertheless, the technology necessitates meticulous control of variables like as carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen in order to uphold a stable and fruitful environment. Although there are certain operational difficulties, BFT proves to be a viable approach for attaining sustainable aquaculture by enhancing output while minimising the negative effects on the environment.

Biotechnological approaches have revolutionized the field of fish breeding, from marker-assisted selection to genetic modification. MAS employs molecular markers to identify and select individuals with advantageous traits, such as enhanced disease resistance and improved carcass quality, without introducing foreign DNA. This traditional method leverages natural genetic variation but is limited by the availability of markers and the complexity of traits. In contrast, the GM incorporates exogenous DNA into the fish genome, enabling the introduction of new traits and the modification of multiple traits simultaneously. This approach has been used to enhanceincrease growth rates, disease resistance, and feed conversion efficiency. However, the use of GM is controversial due to because of concerns about the safety and environmental impact of genetically modified organisms. Both MAS and GM present unique advantages and challenges: MAS is less controversial and relies on existing genetic diversity but has a limited scope, whereas GM is versatile but faces significant scrutiny. Together, these biotechnological approaches offer new opportunities for enhancing the sustainability and profitability of aquaculture. This review explores the potential and limitations of MAS and GM, highlighting their roles in the future of fish breeding and broader implications for the aquaculture industry.

This study investigated the encapsulation of snail protein hydrolysates (SPHs) using carrageenan as a microencapsulating agent at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. SPHs were prepared from the soft tissue of freshwater snails (Bellamya bengalensis) through enzymatic hydrolysis using bromelain, resulting in a degree of hydrolysis of 48.05%. The encapsulation process was carried out using the spray-drying technique. Encapsulation with 3% carrageenan enhanced the yield, encapsulation efficiency (up to 84.96%), colloidal stability (up to −33.8 mV), and thermal stability (up to 75 °C). The particle size increased as the carrageenan concentration increased, reaching 206.9 nm at 3%, and the uniform polydispersity index (0.26) indicated stable encapsulation. While encapsulation reduces solubility and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and HRSA), it effectively protects SPH from environmental factors such as hygroscopicity and storage stability, thus maintaining high scavenging activity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that carrageenan and SPH strongly interact. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles had better shapes and smooth, cohesive surfaces. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of carrageenan as an encapsulating agent for SPH, enhancing its stability and bioactivity for potential applications in the food and nutraceutical industries as a bioactive additive and offering an alternative to conventional coating materials.

Aquatic vegetation plays a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. Maintaining water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem stability necessitates the management of aquatic vegetation. It delves into the methods and strategies for effectively controlling and utilizing aquatic plants, highlighting the benefits they offer in terms of nutrient cycling, habitat provision, and shoreline stabilization. Aquatic vegetation holds significant ecological value, contributing to nutrient cycling, providing habitat, and enhancing water quality. Aquatic weeds include impediments to navigation, decreased water flow, and altered biodiversity. We evaluate various management approaches, including mechanical control, biological control, and chemical control, based on their effectiveness, environmental impact, and sustainability. This includes utilizing aquatic plants for wastewater treatment, carbon sequestration, biofuel production, and habitat restoration. By understanding and harnessing the potential of aquatic greenery, we can promote sustainable aquatic environments and improve our bodies' overall well-being.