Microwave continuous-flow heating has been proven to reduce the time of chemical reaction, increase the conversion rate, and improve product purity effectively. However, there are still problems such as relatively low heating efficiency, unideal heating homogeneity, and poor compactness, which brings further drawbacks like difficulty in fabrication and integration. In this study, a compact microwave continuous-flow heater based on six fractal antennas is proposed to address the problems above. First, a multi-physics simulation model is built, while heating efficiency and the volumetric coefficient of variance (COV) are improved through adjusting the geometric structure of this heater and the phase assignment of each radiator. Second, an experiment is conducted to verify the simulation model, which is consistent with the simulation. Third, a method of fast varying phases to achieve greater heating efficiency and heating homogeneity is adopted. The results show that the single-phase radiator improved efficiency by 31.1%, and COV was significantly optimized, reaching 64%. Furthermore, 0–100% ethanol–water solutions are processed by the heater, demonstrating its strong adaptability of vastly changing relative permittivity of liquid load. Moreover, an advance of this microwave continuous-flow heater is observed, compared with conventional multi-mode resonant cavity. Last, the performance of this microwave continuous-flow heater as the chemical reactor for biodiesel production is simulated. This design enables massive chemical production in fields like food industry and biodiesel production, with enhanced compactness, heating efficiency, and heating homogeneity.

With the advancement in electronic attack technologies, intelligent jamming poses a significant challenge to the reliable transmission of wireless communications. Traditional anti-jamming methods often fail to adapt to dynamic nonlinear jamming environments. This paper addresses nonlinear swept-frequency jamming by modeling anti-jamming communication as a sequential decision-making problem and proposes an intelligent anti-jamming method based on proximal policy optimization (PPO) to optimize dynamic channel selection. Firstly, the channel selection problem is formalized as a Markov decision process (MDP), where a state space integrating jamming patterns and communication status is designed, the channel set is defined as the action space, and a multi-objective reward function trades off jamming avoidance against switching overhead. A dual-network architecture comprising a policy network and a value network is constructed, and the PPO algorithm is employed for policy updates, where a clipping mechanism is used to enhance training stability. The system optimizes the anti-jamming strategy online through a closed-loop process of “sensing–decision–learning–communication”. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to conventional methods, the proposed method significantly improves key performance indicators such as packet success rate and throughput. It can rapidly track changes in jamming, exhibiting excellent real-time performance and environmental robustness, and thus provides an effective solution for reliable communication in dynamic jamming environments.

Parity-time symmetry is a fundamental concept in non-Hermitian physics that has recently gained attention for its potential in engineering advanced electronic systems and achieving robust wireless power transfer even in the presence of disturbances, through the incorporation of nonlinearity. However, the current parity-time-symmetric scheme falls short of achieving the theoretical maximum efficiency of wireless power transfer and faces challenges when applied to non-resistive loads. In this study, we propose a theoretical framework and provide experimental evidence demonstrating that asymmetric resonance, based on dispersive gain, can greatly enhance the efficiency of wireless power transfer beyond the limits of symmetric approaches. By leveraging the gain spectrum interleaving resulting from dispersion, we observe a mode switching phenomenon in asymmetric systems similar to the symmetry-breaking effect. This phenomenon reshapes the distribution of resonance energy and enables more efficient wireless power transfer compared to conventional methods. Our findings open up new possibilities for harnessing dispersion effects in various domains such as electronics, microwaves, and optics. This work represents a significant step towards exploiting dispersion as a means to optimize wireless power transfer and lays the foundation for future advancements in these fields.