Chronic wounds present a multifactorial clinical challenge characterized by prolonged inflammation, microbial biofilm formation, oxidative stress, and impaired vascularization. Conventional wound dressings such as films, hydrogels, and decellularized matrices often fall short due to limited bioactivity, inadequate mechanical properties, and insufficient control over therapeutic delivery. This review highlights electrospun nanofiber membranes as advanced biomimetic platforms that replicate the structural and functional attributes of the extracellular matrix while enabling localized and sustained release of therapeutic agents. The novelty of this work lies in its systematic association of bioactive compounds including antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, oxygen releasing, and hemostatic agents with their specific biological targets in chronic wound healing. Also, the review critically examines fabrication techniques such as coaxial, emulsion, gas assisted, and stimuli responsive electrospinning, and evaluates how key processing parameters influence fiber morphology, drug release profiles, and cellular interactions. By integrating material science with mechanistic insight, this work provides a unified framework for the rational design of responsive nanofiber based wound dressings and outlines future directions involving smart delivery systems, biosensing integration, and three dimensional bioprinting to support clinical translation and personalized therapy. Emphasis is also placed on emerging multifunctional membranes capable of real-time interaction with wound pathophysiology. Challenges related to scalability, regulatory approval, and long-term biocompatibility are discussed to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and clinical adoption. This review ultimately serves as a foundation for developing next generation wound care strategies that are both mechanistically targeted and clinically adaptable.

Chronic wounds often result in multiple infections with various kinds of bacteria and uncontrolled wound exudate, resulting in several healthcare issues. Advanced medicated nanofibres prepared by electrospinning have gained much attention for their topical application on infected chronic wounds. The objective of this work is to enhance the critical variables of ciprofloxacin-loaded polycaprolactone-silk sericin (PCL/SS-PVA-CIP) nanofibre production via the process of electrospinning. To examine the antibacterial effectiveness of PCL/SS-PVA-CIP nanocomposites, the material was tested against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The combination of PCL/SS-PVA-CIP exhibited potent inhibitory properties, with the most effective concentrations of ciprofloxacin (CIP) being 3 μg/g and 7.0 μg/g for each bacterium, respectively. The biocompatibility was evaluated by conducting cell reduction and proliferation studies using the human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro cell lines. The PCL/SS-PVA-CIP showed good cell compatibility with HaCaT and HGF cells, with effective proliferation even at antibiotic doses of up to 7.0 μg/g. The drug release effectiveness of the nanocomposites was assessed at various concentrations of CIP, resulting in a maximum cumulative release of 76.5% and 74.4% after 72 h for CIP concentrations of 3 μg/g and 7 μg/g, respectively. In summary, our study emphasizes the possibility of combining silk sericin (SS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) loading with CIP nanocomposite for wound management.