9 Russian Vitis vinifera grape varieties and the European variety Muscat Hamburg were sequenced and genotyped using 527 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) with high minor allele frequency for the first time. The data were coupled with previously identified genotypes of 783 varieties and subjected to parentage and population analysis. As a result, contrary to the historical and ampelographic data published in many sources from 1800 to 2012, only two of the nine Russian varieties (Pukhlyakovskiy Belyi and Sibirkovyi) were related to foreign ones and were obviously imported from Europe to the Russian Empire. The remaining seven varieties, led by Krasnostop Zolotovskiy, are not directly related either in the Caucasus or in Europe, they form separate clusters on the genetic distance-based dendrogram and the world parentage network of V. vinifera. The resulting pedigree of Muscat Hamburg and its descendants is in accordance with SSR-based (simple sequence repeats) studies and the described pedigree of this variety which confirms the use of the reduced SNP set for further studies.

The autochthonous grape varieties of the Don Valley, situated in southern Russia, constitute a distinctive element of regional cultural heritage. These varieties have been adapted over centuries to the region’s specific local climatic and soil conditions. For the most part, these varieties are not imported from other countries. They are closely related to varieties found in Crimea and the North Caucasus. In this study, we obtained the first complete, unfragmented sequences of the chloroplast genomes of eight autochthonous varieties from the Don Valley and one from Crimea. We also performed a comparative analysis of their genomic features. The size of Vitis vinifera chloroplast genome sequences varied from 160,925 to 160,991 bp, depending on the cultivar, with a uniform GC ratio of 37.38%. Each genome consists of four subregions: a single copy region (LSC) ranging from 89,158 to 89,336 bp, a small single copy region (SSC) ranging from 19,070 to 19,073 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) in the range of 26,292 to 26,353 bp. The chloroplast genomes of the studied V. vinifera varieties contained 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. The sequence divergence analysis has enabled the identification of four highly variable regions, which may be utilized as potential markers for phylogenetic analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of 58 to 61 SSRs and multiple long repeated sequences in the chloroplast genomes of these varieties. The phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained and complete chloroplast genomes available from public databases indicated that the majority of autochthonous V. vinifera varieties do not have a direct origin from any European variety.

For the first time, 41 grape varieties of the Don Valley (Rostov oblast) are genotyped, for most of them complete pedigree was restored. Contrary to the widely held belief, most varieties are not related to the Vitis vinifera cultivars of Western Europe and Transcaucasia. Only two varieties (Pukhlyakovskiy Belyi and Moldavskiy) are identical with respect to the varieties Coarna Alba and Coarna Neagra from Romania (Moldova). The Pukhlyakovskiy Belyi variety has made a certain contribution to the gene pool of the Don Valley cultivars, which allows us to suppose selective breeding based on this variety. A significant contribution to the origin of the varieties of the region is made by the Crimean variety Kokur Belyi, North Caucasian Asyl Kara and Koz Ouzioum. Some varieties of the Don Valley have no known ancestors among the 932 studied cultivars of V. vinifera from all over the world. The research allows us to take a fresh look at the historical contacts of the peoples of Southern Russia; it also stimulates further genetic studies of grape cultivars in the North Caucasus and Crimea, including wild vines.

«Turczaninowia» Научные журналы Алтайского государственного университета Алтайский государственный университет Научные журналы АлтГУ

The subject of this paper was to search for and select yeast strains for wines from the "krasnostop zolotovsky" grape variety that contribute to an increased concentration of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Additionally, the potential methyl-forming capacity of the yeasts and their influence on the organic acid composition in wines were investigated. The results of studies on 26 yeast strains are presented, including 23 S. cerevisiae, 2 strains of S. paradoxus, and 1 strain of S. uvarum. The mass concentration of coloring and phenolic compounds was determined by colorimetric methods. Coumaric, syringic, caffeic, and gallic acids were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The analysis of tartaric, malic, citric, succinic, lactic, and acetic acids in wines was performed by capillary electrophoresis. Methanol was determined by gas chromatography. Analysis of the conducted research showed a significant influence of yeast strains on the concentration of phenolic compounds, organic acids, and methyl alcohol in wines. Based on the research results, 7 yeast strains were selected, including 6 strains of S. cerevisiae (1-s-23, 1k-23, 5k-23, Y-4177, Y-4173, 437) and 1 strain of S. paradoxus (61F), which promote greater preservation of the complex of phenolic compounds during fermentation: the sum of phenolic compounds up to 38%, coloring compounds up to 25% of the initial content in the grape must. Strains 5-k-23, 61F, and Y-4173 were characterized by the best indicators among the selected 7 yeast strains according to the following parameters. Strains Y-4173 and 5-k-23 contributed to the formation of higher concentrations of phenolic acids, the sum of which amounted to 109 and 129 mg/dm³. Strains 437 and 61F provided higher concentrations of succinic acid up to 0.436 g/dm³. Strain 5-k-23 contributed to a higher level of malic acid up to 3.8 g/dm³. Also, strains 5-k-23 and Y-4173 were characterized by a low potential for methanol accumulation in wines, up to 15.8 mg/dm³. Thus, promising yeast strains were selected, providing higher concentrations of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and a low potential for methanol accumulation in the production of wines from the "krasnostop zolotovsky" variety.