(1) Background: The literature on the effects of high-grade glioma (HGG) growth on cognition is still scarce. (2) Method: A consecutive series of 85 patients with HGG involving the left hemisphere underwent an extended neuropsychological evaluation prior to surgery. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) was used to identify regions related to cognitive performance. (3) Results: The patients’ mean level of pre-surgery accuracy was overall high. They showed the greatest difficulties in language with tasks such as naming (42.1% of patients impaired on nouns and 61.4% on verbs), reading (36.3% on words and 32.7% on pseudo-words), auditory lexical decisions (43.9%) and writing (41.3%) being most frequently impaired. VLSM analysis revealed anatomically separated areas along the temporal cortex and the white matter related to impairments on the different tasks, with voxels commonly shared by all tasks restricted to a small region in the ventral superior and middle temporal gyrus. (4) Conclusions: High-grade glioma affects cognition; nonetheless, lesions do not cause diffuse deficits but selectively impact the different language sub-domains along the ventral stream and the dorsal stream for language processing.

We explored the functional outcome following awake surgery and Real-Time Neuropsychological Testing (RTNT) in the left insula. We carried out a longitudinal investigation by comparing the patients' language profile, and, in particular, the object-naming skills and the associated fMRI network, of pre-surgery and follow-up (i.e., a few months after surgery) in a group of 23 patients harboring a left-sided low grade glioma centered to the insulotemporal area. Tumor resection, performed while continuously monitoring patients' performance by RNTN, was high (median = 92 %). From the neuropsychological viewpoint, almost all patients displayed preserved naming and language skills in general, both before surgery and at follow-up, when they recovered from a transient impairment recorded immediately after surgery. From the functional imaging viewpoint, the naming networks of the two assessment times were almost equivalent, with non-parametric analyses showing brain remodeling involving perilesional areas preoperatively and the contralesional, healthy, insula at follow-up. We discussed the anatomo-functional mechanisms that contributed to the preservation of the functional and cognitive pattern as observed in this longitudinal study, with a particular focus on the promising plasticity potential of the left insular area. In particular, we commented that, at least in our patient series and by applying an optimized surgical procedure, surgery in the insula was safe and generally contributed to the preservation of the language functions.

Background: Tractography allows the in vivo study of subcortical white matter, and it is a potential tool for providing predictive indices on post-operative outcomes. We aim at establishing whether there is a relation between cognitive outcome and the status of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus’s (IFOF’s) microstructure. Methods: The longitudinal neuropsychological data of thirty young (median age: 35 years) patients operated on for DLGG in the left temporo-insular cortex along with pre-surgery tractography data were processed. Results: A degraded integrity of the left (vs. right) IFOF (lower fractional anisotropy and length, p < 0.001; higher mean and axial diffusivity, p < 0.01) was found, with lower microstructural variables in the infiltration (vs. dislocation) group. Significant decreases immediately post-surgery vs. pre-surgery mainly occurred in lexico-semantics (p < 0.001), with significant improvements at follow-up in all the tests (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), despite values in the range of 44% to 47.82% of patients with below cut-off scores regarding naming verbs and making visual lexical decisions. The status of left and right IFOFs is predictive of a decrease in immediate post-surgery performance for several tests (p < 0.05); similarly, it is predictive of better recovery in the follow-up performance for naming nouns, naming verbs, making phonological fluency lexical decisions, and the token test (p < −0.05). For the ROC analysis, a significant result was obtained for the verb-naming test, with a cut-off of 79%. Conclusions: This study supports the role of the predictive value of pre-operative tractography for assessing the immediate post-operative result and at follow-up the risk of developing a cognitive deficit.

Introduction: Glioma Grade 4 (GG4) tumors, which include both IDH-mutated and IDH wild-type astrocytomas, are the most prevalent and aggressive form of primary brain tumor. Radiomics is gaining ground in neuro-oncology. The integration of this data into machine learning models has the potential to improve the accuracy of prognostic models for GG4 patients. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), an established preoperative prognostic factor for survival, is commonly used in these patients. In this study, we developed a nomogram to identify patients with improved functional performance as indicated by an increase in KPS after surgery by analyzing radiomic features from preoperative 3D MRI scans. Methods: Quantitative imaging features were extracted from the -3D T1 GRE sequence of 157 patients from a single center and were used to develop the machine learning (ML) model. To improve applicability and create a nomogram, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to build a model incorporating clinical characteristics and radiomics features. Results: We labeled 55 cases in which KPS was improved after surgery (35%, KPS-flag = 1). The resulting model was evaluated according to test series results. The best model was obtained by XGBoost using the features extracted by pyradiomics, with a Matthew coefficient score (MCC) of 0.339 (95% CI: 0.330–0.3483) in cross-validation. The out-of-sample evaluation on the test set yielded an MCC of 0.302. A nomogram evaluating the improvement of KPS post-surgery was built based on statistically significant variables from multivariate logistic regression including clinical and radiomics data (c-index = 0.760, test set). Conclusions: MRI radiomic analysis represents a powerful tool to predict postoperative functional outcomes, as evaluated by KPS.

Background/Objectives: Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is a validated procedure for the treatment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. To select shunt-responsive patients, infusion and tap tests can be used. Only gait is evaluated after the procedure to establish a potential improvement. In this study, we present our Hydro-Real-Time Neuropsychological Testing protocol to assess the feasibility of performing an ultra-fast assessment of patients during the infusion and tap test. Methods: We tested 57 patients during the infusion and tap test to obtain real-time feedback on their cognitive status. Data were obtained immediately before the infusion phase (T0), when the pressure plateau was reached (T1), and immediately after cerebrospinal fluid subtraction (T2). Based on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, 63.15% of the patients presented a resistance to outflow > 12 mmHg/mL/min, while 88% had a positive tap test response. Results: Compared to T0, cerebrospinal fluid removal significantly improved performance on tasks exploring executive functions (counting backward, p < 0.001; verbal fluency, p < 0.001). Patients were significantly faster at counting backward at T2 vs. T1 (p < 0.05) and at T2 vs. T0 (p < 0.001) and were significantly faster at counting forward at T2 vs. T1 (p < 0.005), suggesting an improvement in speed at T2. There was a significantly smaller index at T1 vs. T0 (p = 0.005) and at T2 vs. T0 (p < 0.001), suggesting a more marked improvement in patients’ executive abilities at T2 and a smaller improvement at T1. Regarding verbal fluency, patients were worse at T1 vs. T0 (p < 0.001) and at T2 vs. T0 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients’ performance can be monitored during the infusion and tap test as significant changes in executive functions are observable. In future, this protocol might help improve patients’ selection for surgery.

Different neurological complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been widely documented. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare immune-mediated demyelinating disorder, described within the spectrum of neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Herein, we describe a case of adult-ADEM presenting with diplopia and slowly progressive ataxia developed one month after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed acute multifocal demyelinating lesions throughout the brain. Other possible etiologies have been ruled out. After treatment with high-dose steroids, we observed a progressive clinical and radiological improvement. A 4-months follow-up showed complete clinical recovery. Although extremely rare, ADEM could be associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Early recognition of this COVID-19 neurological complication, even in the absence of pulmonary involvement, is important to start a prompt immune-modulatory treatment and, consequently, ensure a good outcome.